1930-1935 NYC: Resilience, Character & Innovation in The Great Depression Era

Timeline of New York City: 1930-1935

1930: New York City's total population was recorded at 6,930,446, making it the largest city in the United States at the time. The population distribution across its five boroughs was markedly uneven, showcasing the diverse density and development patterns of the city. Brooklyn led with 2,560,401 residents, confirming its status as the most populous borough. Manhattan followed with 1,867,312 people, reflecting its role as the city's economic and administrative heart. The Bronx had a significant population growth, housing 1,265,258 individuals, while Queens, with its more suburban layout, reported 1,079,129 residents. Staten Island, the least populous and more rural at the time, had 158,346 inhabitants.

These population figures highlight the varied urban landscape of New York City during the early 20th century, with each borough developing its distinct character and demographic makeup. The city's overall growth by 1930 underscores its magnetic appeal and the massive urban migration trends of that era, fueled by both domestic and international movements. As a major hub of commerce, culture, and immigration, New York City continued to evolve, with its extensive infrastructure and housing developments trying to keep pace with the increasing population demands. This period marked a significant chapter in the city's long history of being a melting pot and a beacon for seekers of opportunity.

1930: Brooklyn College was established on May 15, by the Board of Higher Education of the City of New York, marking it as the city’s first public coeducational liberal arts college. This significant educational institution was founded with the aim of providing a higher education opportunity that would elevate the lives of children from immigrant and working-class families. The college's initial campus was strategically located in downtown Brooklyn, close to Borough Hall and the bustling court buildings, embodying its connection to the community and the civic life of the area. Under the leadership of its first president, Dr. William A. Boylan, the college began with facilities that were a combination of the Downtown Brooklyn branches of Hunter College and the City College of New York.

The college quickly outgrew its original location and, following plans drafted by architect Randolph Evans in 1934, moved to a more expansive site in the Midwood neighborhood of Brooklyn. This site, previously a multifunctional land used as a golf course and for Barnum & Bailey Circus shows, was transformed into a Georgian-style campus centered around a library with a notable tall tower. The move was part of a larger development funded by a $5 million allocation from the Public Works Administration, part of the New Deal efforts. Official construction began with a ceremonial groundbreaking by Mayor Fiorello La Guardia on October 2, 1935, with the new campus ultimately providing a state-of-the-art educational environment that would contribute to the intellectual and social growth of New York City's population.

1930: 40 Wall Street, also known as the Trump Building, officially opened to the public on May 26, and was originally constructed as the headquarters for the Manhattan Company established in 1799. Designed by H. Craig Severance, along with Yasuo Matsui and the architectural firm Shreve & Lamb, the building was completed during the height of the skyscraper race in New York City, which took place in the late 1920s and early 1930s. Standing at a height of 927 feet, this neo-Gothic skyscraper is located in the Financial District of Manhattan, New York City, between Nassau and William Streets. Originally serving as the site for the Manhattan Company, the second bank in competition with Alexander Hamilton and established by Aaron Burr, 40 Wall Street has a rich history tied to the early financial enterprises of New York City.

The site transitioned from its initial use by the Manhattan Company to become one of the prominent skyscrapers in New York, reflecting the American spirit of ambition and growth during that era. On December 12, 1995, the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission designated it as a city landmark, acknowledging its role in the city’s skyscraper race. Furthermore, on June 16, 2000, 40 Wall Street was officially listed on the National Register of Historic Places, and in 2007, it was recognized as a contributing property to the Wall Street Historic District. This recognition underscores its ongoing relevance in the architectural and historical narrative of New York City.

1930: On August 6, Joseph Force Crater, a New York Supreme Court Justice, mysteriously disappeared near Times Square, marking the onset of one of the most famous missing person cases in American history. Born on January 5, 1889, in Easton, Pennsylvania, Crater had ascended the legal ranks to secure his appointment by Governor Franklin D. Roosevelt in April 1930. His vanishing came shortly after the commencement of a significant investigation into corruption within New York City, igniting widespread speculation and intrigue about his fate. Despite decades of extensive searches and media coverage, Crater's case remains unsolved, entrenched as a captivating unsolved mystery.

Crater was last observed on the evening of his disappearance, dining with a lawyer friend and a showgirl at a Manhattan chophouse. Earlier that same day, he was seen transferring large sums of money and destroying documents, which fueled various theories about his abrupt disappearance. He was officially declared legally dead on June 6, 1939. Over the years, many theories have been proposed regarding his fate, ranging from murder to starting a new life under a different identity. One particularly intriguing claim surfaced in 2005 from a note left by a deceased woman, alleging her husband and others, including a police officer, murdered Crater and buried him beneath the Coney Island boardwalk, an area later disturbed during the 1950s for the construction of the New York Aquarium. Although these claims added a layer of mystery and grim speculation to Crater's story, they have never been confirmed.

1930: Temple Emanu-El, one of the largest synagogues in the world, is located at the intersection of 65th Street and Fifth Avenue in Manhattan’s Upper East Side. This architectural marvel, accommodating 2,500 worshippers, was constructed on the historic site of the Mrs. William B. Astor House between 1928 and 1929. Designed by Robert D. Kohn, the building showcases an eclectic mix of Romanesque Revival and Moorish Revival styles with Art Deco ornamentation, highlighted by intricate mosaics created by Hildreth Meière. The synagogue was officially consecrated, marking a significant milestone in the cultural and spiritual landscape of New York City.

Further enriching its historical significance, Temple Emanu-El houses a museum that features a vast collection of over 650 items, spanning from the 14th century to the present day. The collection is broadly categorized into the History of Emanu-El and Judaica, offering insights through special exhibitions, lectures, and tours. This institution not only serves as a place of worship but also as a center for educational and cultural enrichment, reflecting the progressive spirit and the historical journey of its congregation. This storied synagogue was designated a New York City landmark, firmly establishing its role as a key religious and cultural institution in the city.

1930: The City College of New York (CCNY) began admitting women into its graduate programs, marking the institution's initial steps towards coeducation. This historic change came at a time when access to top-tier private universities was often limited to certain societal groups, notably excluding many brilliant Jewish students and others from diverse backgrounds. CCNY, known for its academic rigor and being a haven for the working class, has been referred to as the "Harvard of the Proletariat," "the poor man's Harvard," and "Harvard-on-the-Hudson." Notably, ten CCNY graduates have won Nobel Prizes, underscoring the institution's significant impact on its students, many of whom were the children of immigrants and the first in their families to attend college.

The evolution of CCNY continued with the establishment of the Baruch School of Business in 1919, named after alumnus Bernard Baruch. Located on 23rd Street in Manhattan, this school laid the groundwork for what would eventually become Baruch College. In 1968, with the creation of The City University of New York (CUNY), the largest public urban university system in the United States, Baruch College was officially formed. CUNY, which consists of 25 institutions, includes its founding member, City College, demonstrating a vast expansion and commitment to providing higher education to a diverse student body across New York City.

1930: The Riverdale–Spuyten Duyvil–Kingsbridge Memorial Bell Tower, also known as the Riverdale Monument, is a notable memorial located in Bell Tower Park in the Riverdale area of the Bronx, New York. Officially opened on September 17, this memorial was constructed to honor World War I veterans from the local neighborhoods of Riverdale, Spuyten Duyvil, and Kingsbridge. The monument, standing 50 feet tall and 17.5 feet wide, is crafted from fieldstone and Indiana limestone, weighing an estimated 500 tons. It features a historic 1762 Spanish bell, originally made for a Mexican monastery and captured during the Mexican War by General Winfield Scott. Before its installation in the tower, the bell was housed in the Jefferson Market and a Riverdale firehouse.

In 1936, the memorial was relocated 700 feet south to accommodate the construction of the Henry Hudson Parkway, near which it currently stands. This move was part of broader adjustments to the area's landscape to make way for the new parkway. On January 3, 2012, the Riverdale Monument was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, affirming its historical significance and ensuring its preservation. The attached plaque lists the names of the local residents who served in World War I, providing a personal touch to the memorial and a direct connection to the community's past contributions and sacrifices.

1930: Riverside Church, an interdenominational and interracial landmark, was completed on October 5, in the Morningside Heights neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City. Conceived by John D. Rockefeller Jr. and Baptist minister Harry Emerson Fosdick, the church is closely associated with both the American Baptist Churches USA and the United Church of Christ. Architecturally crafted by Henry C. Pelton along with Allen & Collens, the Neo-Gothic structure includes a nave, chancel, a 392-foot tower, and a 74-bell carillon, the world’s heaviest, dedicated to Rockefeller’s mother, Laura Spelman Rockefeller. A significant addition, the Martin Luther King Jr. wing, was constructed in 1959, enhancing the church’s footprint and social outreach.

The church’s foundation and ongoing operations have been significantly influenced by the Rockefeller family, beginning with William Rockefeller in the late 19th century, who supported the Mulberry Street Baptist Church. This church evolved through several locations before settling at Fifth Avenue and 46th Street in the 1860s. Cornelius Woelfkin, a later minister, led the church in a modernist direction from 1912 until the early 1920s. The church relocated to Park Avenue in 1922, after John D. Rockefeller Jr. contributed significantly to the funding. Riverside Church was designated as a New York City landmark in 2000 and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2012, marking it as a beacon of social justice and progressive ideology in the heart of New York City.

1930: 740 Park Avenue, one of New York City's most prestigious co-op buildings, was constructed in 1929 and officially opened in October. Designed by Rosario Candela and Arthur Loomis Harmon, the building is located in the Lenox Hill neighborhood of Manhattan, between East 71st and 72nd Streets. Initially planned as a cooperative, the onset of the Great Depression necessitated its conversion to rentals due to the challenges in selling the large, luxurious units. By 1952, the building was reestablished as a co-op by John D. Rockefeller Jr., who purchased and sold the units back to the tenants, reinstating its co-op status. This building is often referred to as the "Tower of Power," symbolizing the pinnacle of New York's social elite.

Over the decades, 740 Park Avenue has housed many prominent figures, including Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, who lived there as Jacqueline Bouvier during her childhood. The building's reputation for exclusivity has been maintained through stringent admission requirements, with potential residents needing a liquid net worth of at least $100 million. Notably, the French government bought an 18-room duplex in this building in 1979, used as their United Nations ambassador's residence until its sale in 2014 for $70 million. The building has been the subject of several publications and documentaries, highlighting its status as a residential enclave for America's richest individuals.

1930: The Miller Highway, also known as the West Side Elevated Highway, was officially opened to the public on November 13. This pioneering structure, stretching from Canal to 22nd Streets, was recognized as the first overhead vehicular road in the United States. The highway was conceived and promoted by Julius Miller, who was the Manhattan borough president in the 1920s. Designed to segregate car traffic from industrial activities, the highway featured six lanes supported by steel columns and was noted for its Art Deco ornamentation. However, it was primarily built for cars and not for trucks, which later contributed to its navigation difficulties due to its narrow ramps and sharp curves.

As the years progressed, the Miller Highway experienced significant deterioration, compounded by inadequate maintenance and increasing traffic demands. This led to the development of the Westway project in the 1970s, an ambitious urban renewal plan intended to replace the crumbling infrastructure with a modern highway integrated into a larger waterfront development. Despite gaining support from President Ronald Reagan, who during a 1980 campaign stop criticized the bureaucratic delays and highlighted the project's economic potential, the Westway faced strong opposition from environmental advocates and urban planners. Concerns over its environmental impact and disputes over urban development strategies eventually led to the project's cancellation in the mid-1980s, marking the end of one of New York City's most contentious infrastructure battles.

1930: Robert Moses chaired the New York Park Association's Metropolitan Conference on Parks, which played a pivotal role in shaping the future of New York City's park system. During his tenure, Moses orchestrated the planning and execution of expansive green spaces and recreation areas across the city. The conference issued a critical report that year advocating for the immediate acquisition of thousands of acres of the city's last remaining natural areas. This was a strategic move to preserve open spaces amidst rapid urban development and to enhance the quality of life for city dwellers.

Furthermore, to address the burgeoning traffic issues of the time, the report recommended the construction of a comprehensive system of parkways. This included proposals for major thoroughfares such as the Belt, Grand Central, Cross Island, and Henry Hudson Parkways, which were envisioned to facilitate smoother traffic flow and connect various parts of the city more efficiently. Moses' influence extended well beyond parks, as he also supervised the construction of 35 highways, 12 bridges, and reclaimed miles of waterfront for public use, fundamentally transforming New York City's landscape and urban environment. His projects during the 1930s laid the groundwork for much of the city’s modern infrastructure.

1930: 1040 Fifth Avenue opens, an iconic 17-story limestone-clad apartment building, stands as one of the most distinguished structures on New York City's Fifth Avenue. The building was designed by Rosario Candela, a leading architect renowned for his influence on luxury residential designs during the late 1920s and early 1930s. The elegant co-op comprises only 27 apartments, ensuring exclusivity and privacy for its residents. Known for its striking roofline, which adds a unique silhouette to the city's skyline, 1040 Fifth Avenue has housed many notable residents over the years, including the late Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, adding to its historical and cultural significance.

Strategically located on the Upper East Side, this prestigious address offers unparalleled views of Central Park and its reservoir. Residents benefit from immediate proximity to some of New York's most famous cultural institutions such as The Metropolitan Museum of Art, The Guggenheim Museum, The Frick Collection, and The Whitney Museum, along with access to the upscale shops and galleries of Madison Avenue. The building provides luxury amenities including a full-time doorman and concierge service, enhancing the living experience in one of Manhattan’s most sought-after locations. This combination of architectural elegance, historical significance, and prime location makes 1040 Fifth Avenue a landmark of luxury urban living.

1930: El Quijote, founded and officially recognized as the oldest Spanish restaurant in New York City, holds this title particularly after the closure of El Faro Restaurant in 2012. Situated at 226 West 23rd Street in Manhattan, within the Hotel Chelsea, El Quijote started as a part of Little Spain on 14th Street between Seventh and Eighth Avenues. Throughout its history, the restaurant has been famed for its distinctive kitsch decor, which features wall murals and statues inspired by Miguel de Cervantes’ "Don Quixote." Known for serving generous portions of traditional Spanish dishes such as chorizo, paella, and garlic shrimp, along with unique offerings like lobster in green sauce, the restaurant has been a culinary staple in the city for nearly a century.

In its illustrious past, El Quijote was a favored haunt of notable personalities including Andy Warhol and William S. Burroughs, with Janis Joplin reportedly causing a stir there on multiple occasions. After decades under the stewardship of Manny Ramirez and his family, the restaurant was sold to Chelsea Hotels and subsequently closed for renovations. It was rejuvenated and reopened in 2022, maintaining its authentic Spanish ambiance. This iconic establishment has not only survived but thrived, continuing to offer a slice of Spanish culture in the heart of Manhattan.

1930: On December 11, the Bank of United States, the fourth-largest bank in New York City at the time, closed its doors permanently following a bank run. This event was triggered by failed merger negotiations with another financial institution, which caused panic among depositors, leading them to rush to withdraw their funds en masse. The closure of the Bank of United States was a significant event during the economic panic, contributing to a third of the total deposits lost in November and December that year. As a result of the closure, there was a widespread ripple effect, prompting depositors at other banks to withdraw their funds, fearing similar collapses.

The aftermath of the Bank of United States’ failure marked a crucial point in the early stages of what would become the Great Depression. The Panic of 1930, part of a larger series of financial crises that led to severe economic contraction, was exacerbated by the Federal Reserve Board's failure to implement an expansionary monetary policy. This inaction contributed significantly to a decline in the money supply and economic growth across the United States. The bank’s closure, and the subsequent banking panics, underscored the vulnerabilities within the U.S. banking system and highlighted the need for more robust regulatory frameworks to manage banking operations and prevent such crises in the future.

1931: 20 Exchange Place, also known as the City Bank–Farmers Trust Building, is a significant Art Deco skyscraper in New York City's Financial District. Officially opened on February 24, this building was designed by the architectural firm Cross & Cross as the headquarters for the City Bank–Farmers Trust Company, which later evolved into Citigroup. Standing approximately 741 feet tall with 57 stories, it was among the tallest buildings in the city at the time of its completion and the world's tallest stone-clad building. The design includes a granite and limestone facade, embellished with sculptures representing the "giants of finance" and decorations by David Evans, emphasizing its grandeur and historical importance.

The building served as the headquarters for its original occupant until 1956 and was sold in 1979. In the 1990s, Metro Loft Management converted the 16th through 57th floors from commercial to residential use, adapting the building to modern urban living while preserving its historical integrity. In 1996, 20 Exchange Place was designated an official New York City landmark, and in 2007, it was listed as a contributing property to the Wall Street Historic District, recognizing its role in the architectural and financial heritage of New York City. This building not only captures the essence of early 20th-century skyscraper design but also continues to be a pivotal piece of the Financial District's landscape.

1931: 1 Wall Street, also known as the Irving Trust Company Building, opened its doors on March 24. Designed in the Art Deco style by Ralph Thomas Walker of the architectural firm Voorhees, Gmelin and Walker, the building initially served as the headquarters for the Irving Trust. The skyscraper stands at 654 feet tall with 50 stories and is situated at the intersection of Broadway and Wall Street in Lower Manhattan's Financial District. It was constructed between 1929 and 1931 on a plot considered one of the most valuable in the city, replacing the Manhattan Life Insurance Building, which was once the world's tallest. The original structure is known for its limestone facade, featuring inwardly-curved bays and ornate entrances, and its massing includes numerous small setbacks with a freestanding tower atop.

In 1963, a 36-story annex was added to the south, designed by Voorhees, Walker Smith Smith & Haines, reflecting the original architectural style. Over the years, 1 Wall Street underwent several transitions, including its acquisition by The Bank of New York Mellon in 1988, serving as BNY Mellon's global headquarters until 2015. The building's interior was converted into 566 condominium apartments following its purchase by Harry Macklowe, with renovations from 2018 to 2023. The original portion and its iconic Red Room lobby are designated New York City landmarks, and 1 Wall Street is a contributing property to the Wall Street Historic District on the National Register of Historic Places. This site remains a significant architectural and historical icon in New York City, adjacent to key landmarks and subway entrances, enhancing its prominence in the cityscape.

1931: Founded as the Bronx campus of Hunter College, Lehman College became an independent institution within the City University of New York (CUNY) system on July 1, 1968. Named after Herbert H. Lehman, a former New York governor and United States senator, the college originally served as a national training ground for women in the military during World War II. Post-war, the campus briefly hosted the nascent United Nations in 1946, where the first American meetings of the Security Council were held. The college transitioned from a female-only undergraduate path into a coeducational institution offering a broad range of more than 90 undergraduate and graduate degree programs and specializations.

Significant events in the history of Lehman College include the use of its facilities by the United States Navy during World War II to train 95,000 women volunteers for military service. The Navy vacated the campus in 1946, after which the United Nations held its first Security Council sessions there until August of the same year. Lehman College marked its official separation from Hunter College in 1967, establishing itself as a senior college within CUNY the following year. The college has continued to evolve, contributing significantly to public education in New York and adapting to modern educational needs, including the shift to remote learning in March 2020 due to the coronavirus pandemic and resuming in-person commencement ceremonies in May 2022 after a two-year hiatus.

1931: Floyd Bennett Field, located in the Marine Park neighborhood of southeast Brooklyn, New York City, officially opened to commercial flights on May 23. Named after the pioneering aviator Floyd Bennett, who first envisioned an airport on Barren Island, construction of the airfield began in 1928, with its dedication occurring on June 26, 1930. Originally designed to accommodate commercial and general aviation, the airport is situated along the shore of Jamaica Bay and was created by connecting Barren Island to the rest of Brooklyn with sand pumped from the bay’s bottom. Despite its high-quality facilities, Floyd Bennett Field did not attract significant commercial traffic and was primarily used for general aviation, where numerous aviation records were set during the interwar period.

Transitioning from commercial use, Floyd Bennett Field became part of Naval Air Station New York on June 2, 1941, serving as a critical hub for naval activities during World War II. After the war, it continued to operate as a Naval Air Reserve installation until the Navy ceased operations in 1970. The site was decommissioned as a Coast Guard Air Station Brooklyn in 1998. In 1972, it was integrated into the Gateway National Recreation Area and reopened as a park in 1974, managed by the National Park Service. The field’s historical significance is preserved in a historic district listed on the National Register of Historic Places, highlighting its importance in commercial, general, and military aviation. Today, while no longer serving as an operational airfield, Floyd Bennett Field hosts a section used as a helicopter base by the New York City Police Department and retains one runway for radio-controlled aircraft hobbyists.

1931: Construction of Rockefeller Center, a landmark American development in Midtown Manhattan, New York City, began with site excavation in April. This ambitious project was designed primarily by architects Raymond Hood, Henry Hofmeister, and H.W. Corbett, showcasing the Art Deco architectural style that came to define the era. The initial phase of construction kicked off in September, leading to the opening of the first buildings by 1933. The core of Rockefeller Center was completed by 1939, with the entire complex officially completed on November 2, 1939. This included the final three buildings constructed between 1936 and 1940, completing the original vision of the complex.

Among the complex's most notable features are Radio City Music Hall, which opened in 1932 as the world's largest indoor theater, and the International Building, centrally located and flanked by four smaller structures. Rockefeller Center is also celebrated for its rooftop gardens, providing green spaces within the urban environment. A significant tradition began during the Great Depression when workers pooled money to buy a 20-foot balsam fir, decorated with homemade garlands, marking the first Rockefeller Center Christmas Tree—an annual tradition that officially started in 1933 and has since become a treasured American holiday event.

1931: The Waldorf Astoria New York, an iconic luxury hotel and condominium residence, stands at 301 Park Avenue between 49th and 50th Streets in Midtown Manhattan. Designed by architects Schultze and Weaver, this Art Deco landmark was completed in 1931 and was the tallest hotel in the world until 1957. The hotel is known globally for its prestige and opulence and was historically owned by Conrad Hilton. The exterior and interior of the building are designated as official landmarks by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. The Waldorf Astoria's storied history began with its original iteration built on Fifth Avenue in 1893, which was demolished in 1929 to make way for the Empire State Building.

Conrad Hilton acquired management rights to the new Waldorf Astoria on October 12, 1949, and Hilton Hotels Corporation purchased the building outright in 1972. The property underwent significant renovations in the 1980s and early 1990s, led by Lee Jablin. In 2014, the Anbang Insurance Group of China bought the Waldorf Astoria New York for a record US$1.95 billion, making it the most expensive hotel ever sold at that time. The hotel closed for extensive renovations in 2017, with plans to convert the upper stories into 375 condominiums while retaining 375 hotel rooms on the lower floors. The renovations have encountered delays, and the hotel's reopening is now anticipated to occur after 2025.

1931: The Empire State Building, a 102-story Art Deco skyscraper, officially opened on May 1, in the Midtown South neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City. Designed by the architectural firm Shreve, Lamb & Harmon, this iconic structure stands at a roof height of 1,250 feet (380 m) and reaches 1,454 feet (443.2 m) tall when including its antenna. The site, located on the west side of Fifth Avenue between West 33rd and 34th Streets, was previously occupied by the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel until it was acquired by Empire State Inc. in 1929. The building's construction commenced on March 17, 1930, and was completed in just over a year—a remarkable achievement at the time. Upon completion, it became the first building ever to exceed 100 stories, holding the title of the world's tallest building until 1970.

Throughout its history, the Empire State Building has been more than just an office building; it is a cultural landmark that attracts millions of tourists to its observation decks on the 86th and 102nd floors. An additional observatory opened in 2019 on the 80th floor, enhancing the visitor experience. The building was designated a New York City landmark in 1980 and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places as a National Historic Landmark in 1986. It has been featured in over 250 films and was named America's favorite piece of architecture by the American Institute of Architects in 2007. Despite the Great Depression impacting its initial profitability, the Empire State Building became profitable in the early 1950s and has since remained a key part of New York City’s skyline and a symbol of American architectural ingenuity.

1931: The Fulton Street station on the BMT Nassau Street Line in New York City was officially opened on May 29. This station features a unique split platform configuration with two tracks, where downtown trains are served on the upper level and uptown trains on the lower level. It is strategically located underneath Nassau Street, stretching between John Street to the south and Ann Street to the north. The station serves the J train at all times and the Z train during rush hours in the peak direction, sitting between Chambers Street to the north and Broad Street to the south. The decision to construct the station on two levels was necessitated by the narrowness of Nassau Street, which is only 40 feet wide at this point, to avoid interfering with the foundations of adjacent buildings.

Over the years, Fulton Street station has emerged as one of the busiest in the New York City Subway system. Historical data indicate that it recorded 19.502 million entries in 1963, which later declined to 15.805 million in 1973. By 2011, it was ranked as the 11th busiest station in the system, with an average of 63,203 riders entering the station every weekday. More recently, in 2019, the station saw 27,715,365 boardings, making it the fifth most-used station in the 423-station network, averaging 94,607 passengers per weekday. The station's design and strategic location have played crucial roles in accommodating the high volume of daily commuters, thereby sustaining its significance in the city's public transportation network.

1931: The Whitney Museum of American Art, informally known as "The Whitney," is a prominent institution located in the Meatpacking District and West Village neighborhoods of Manhattan, New York City. Founded by Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney, a notable American socialite and art patron, in 1930, the museum opened its doors the following year. Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney was instrumental in promoting American artists and had previously operated the Whitney Studio and Whitney Studio Club in New York to showcase avant-garde and unrecognized American artists. After her offer to donate her substantial collection of American art to the Metropolitan Museum of Art was declined in 1929, she established her own museum dedicated exclusively to American art. The Whitney has been a significant cultural landmark since then, known for its extensive collection that includes over 25,000 works encompassing paintings, sculptures, drawings, prints, photographs, and films.

The museum has undergone several relocations to accommodate its growing collection and to better serve the public. Initially housed on West 8th Street in Greenwich Village, the museum moved to a Marcel Breuer-designed building on Madison Avenue in 1966, where it remained until 2014. In 2015, the Whitney moved to its current location at 99 Gansevoort Street, a building designed by Renzo Piano, which offers 50,000 square feet of exhibition space. This move has allowed the Whitney to expand its role in the art community, particularly through events like the Whitney Biennial, the United States' longest-running survey of contemporary American art. The museum continues to champion the work of living artists and maintains a commitment to supporting innovation in American art through its programs and collections.

1931: The El Dorado opens, a distinguished cooperative apartment building located at 300 Central Park West in Manhattan, New York City. Designed in the Art Deco style by the architect of record Margon & Holder with consulting architect Emery Roth, the El Dorado features twin 12-story towers rising from a 17-story base. This architectural landmark is part of the Central Park West Historic District, listed on the National Register of Historic Places, and has been designated a New York City landmark. Originally, the El Dorado contained 200 apartments, which encompassed 1,500 rooms. Over time, some of these apartments have been split or combined, adapting to the changing needs of its residents.

The history of the El Dorado reflects significant shifts in ownership and management, marking its journey through the decades. Initially developed by Louis Klosk, the project faced financial challenges following the Wall Street Crash of 1929. The building was subsequently acquired at a foreclosure auction by the Central Park Plaza Corporation. Over the years, ownership transferred to the Pick Hotels Corporation in 1943, and later to Hugh K. McGovern in January 1953. By May 1953, the building was purchased by pastor Charles M. "Daddy" Grace, and following his death, it was sold in 1960 to Alexander Gross. In July 1982, the El Dorado transitioned into a housing cooperative, and since then, several upgrades have been made to the building, amidst disagreements among tenants regarding the scope and nature of these renovations.

1931: The former Seamen’s House YMCA opens, an Art Deco masonry building located at 435 East 52nd Street in Manhattan, New York City. Designed by the architectural firm Shreve, Lamb & Harmon, the building originally served the welfare of seafarers with facilities including sleeping rooms, dining services, and recreational spaces. Notably, it featured a pier for docking yachts, though this was lost with the construction of the FDR Drive. Over the years, the building has transitioned through various phases of use; by the late 1960s, it was sold to the State of New York and repurposed several times, most recently serving as the Bayview Correctional Facility for women. This facility was vacated in October 2012 following Superstorm Sandy.

In 2014, the State of New York issued a Request for Proposals to repurpose the building, aiming to reintegrate it into the community. The selected developer, NoVo Foundation/The Goren Group, proposed "The Women’s Building" project, intending to transform the space into a community center focusing on the advancement of women and girls. This project plans to include office spaces, a restaurant/café, and extensive community facility areas such as a health clinic and childcare facility. Architecturally, the proposal includes maintaining the eight-story West Section and replacing the six-story East Section with a new 16-story building. As of the latest updates, this redevelopment seeks to preserve the historical essence while providing substantial community benefits.

1931: The DeForest Radio Corporation made significant strides in the evolution of broadcast media by airing the first film on television. This historic broadcast featured a 20-minute excerpt from the silent film "The Queen of Sheba," which was transmitted from the company’s studio in Passaic, New Jersey, to a select group of experimental television sets in the New York City area. This event marked a pivotal moment in the development of television technology, showcasing the potential for television to become a mass medium. Allen B. DuMont, the chief engineer at DeForest Radio Corporation during this period, later leveraged his experience to establish the DuMont Television Network in 1946, further solidifying Passaic's role in the birth of television broadcasting.

The DuMont Television Network, also founded by Allen B. DuMont, emerged as the world’s first commercial television network to be based in a suburban area, with its initial studio also located in Passaic. Starting operations in 1946, the network quickly became a significant force in the nascent television industry, producing popular shows such as "The Morey Amsterdam Show" and "The Cavalcade of Stars," which notably featured comedian Jackie Gleason. The success of these programs and the network's innovative early broadcasts played a critical role in establishing television as a central medium in American entertainment and information. Passaic’s historical contribution to television technology and broadcasting is recognized today as having laid foundational work for the modern television industry.

1931: Herman Ridder Junior High School, also known as Public School 98, officially opened its doors on September 8. Located in the Morrisania section of the Bronx, New York, the school was designed by Walter C. Martin, the Superintendent of School Building. This educational institution is named after Herman Ridder, a prominent newspaper publisher and editor, and is recognized for its distinctive Art Deco architecture, which was groundbreaking at the time of construction, initiated in 1929. The building was designated as a New York City Landmark on December 11, 1990, celebrating its architectural significance and historical importance.

The school structure is noted for its innovative use of Art Deco design elements, typical of the early 20th-century modernistic architectural style. It features two classroom wings that meet at an acute angle, utilizing the difficult site at the corner of Boston Road and 173rd Street efficiently. The façades are adorned with graphic, low-relief designs and are characterized by alternating piers and ribs that end in zigzag cresting at the cornice-less roofline. Notable among its architectural details are the terracotta panels and polychrome brickwork that enhance the building’s visual appeal. Over the years, Herman Ridder Junior High School has also become notable for its distinguished alumni, including actor Al Pacino, jazz saxophonist Stan Getz, actor Hal Linden, KISS frontman Paul Stanley, and international opera singer Regina Resnik, further cementing its place in the cultural fabric of New York City.

1931: River House, a co-op apartment building situated at 435 East 52nd Street in the Sutton Place neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City, was constructed on the former site of a cigar factory. Designed by William Lawrence Bottomley in the Art Deco style, the building originally included amenities such as a private pier for yachts, which was later removed due to the construction of the FDR Drive. The 26-story structure initially featured 78 large apartments, each with 12 rooms, 6 baths, and two fireplaces, set around a gated cobblestone courtyard with a fountain. The building was designed for cooperative ownership, a relatively novel concept at the time, aimed at providing a luxurious residential experience.

The history of River House reflects the economic challenges and societal changes over the decades. During the Great Depression, the residents faced financial difficulties, leading to a court ruling in 1941 that allowed the property to be sold under foreclosure. In 1948, Tishman Realty & Construction acquired the building, proposing to divide the existing units into 170 smaller apartments, a plan that was met with resistance from tenants. Over the years, the co-op board at River House gained notoriety for its stringent financial requirements and privacy concerns, famously rejecting several high-profile applicants including Gloria Vanderbilt in 1980 and others like Richard Nixon and Joan Crawford. The board's decisions often drew significant media attention, reflecting the building's status as one of Manhattan's most exclusive addresses.

1931: The landscape of organized crime in New York City was permanently altered following the conclusion of the Castellammarese War, a brutal power struggle between rival Mafia factions. In the aftermath, Salvatore Maranzano reorganized the Italian American gangs into what would become known as the Five Families: the Bonanno, Colombo, Gambino, Genovese, and Lucchese families. Each family was assigned a specific territory and operated under a hierarchical structure. Maranzano, initially declaring himself the capo dei capi ("boss of all bosses"), held a significant meeting to solidify this new structure. However, his reign was short-lived; he was assassinated on September 10, in his office at 230 Park Avenue by gunmen disguised as government agents, an act orchestrated by Charles "Lucky" Luciano who perceived Maranzano's leadership as a direct threat.

Following Maranzano's death, Charles "Lucky" Luciano established the Commission, abolishing the capo dei capi title to prevent the concentration of power and the internal conflict it generated. The Commission, composed of the bosses of the Five Families along with the leaders of the Chicago Outfit and the Buffalo crime family, was intended to oversee all Mafia activities across the United States and to mediate conflicts between the families. This governing body marked a significant evolution in the organizational structure of the Mafia, aiming to stabilize relations and streamline operations within the criminal underworld. The Commission's creation underscored a strategic shift towards a more cooperative and systematic approach to organized crime, setting a new precedent for the conduct of Mafia activities nationally.

1931: In September, a remarkable event occurred at the Empire State Building when a privately-owned dirigible, piloted by Lieutenant William McCraken, docked at the building's mooring mast. The blimp was secured to the mast, located 1,200 feet above ground, for just three minutes amid 40-mile-per-hour winds. This daring maneuver was not only a test of pilot skill but also a demonstration of the building's original intent as a docking station for airships. The event captivated New Yorkers, halting traffic for more than 30 minutes as spectators watched the spectacle unfold. A photograph of this momentous occasion was captured and distributed by International News Photos, further immortalizing the event.

The Empire State Building's mooring mast was originally designed to serve as a landing spot for dirigibles, a novel concept meant to link air travel with the heart of Manhattan. Passengers would disembark from the dirigible onto a gangplank, proceeding into a private elevator that descended directly to street level. However, the practicality of such operations was quickly called into question by airship companies, citing the risky nature and logistical challenges of navigating and docking at such a height, especially given the unpredictable winds. Consequently, this ambitious plan was deemed impractical and was never fully implemented beyond a few experimental attempts, including the brief docking.

1931: On September 17, RCA Victor introduced the first long-playing (LP) record, spinning at 33 1/3 rpm, during a demonstration at the Savoy Plaza Hotel in New York City. The record, a 30 cm diameter flexible plastic disc, was capable of playing approximately 10 minutes per side. Marketed as "Program-Transcription" discs, these records were a technical innovation aimed at improving the length of play over the then-standard 78 rpm records. Despite the advancement, the launch did not succeed commercially due to several factors including the high price of compatible record players, approximately $95—a hefty sum at the time, translating to about $1,140 today. Additionally, the Great Depression exacerbated the lack of consumer interest and the absence of affordable playback equipment contributed to the failure of this venture.

The concept of the LP was eventually revitalized by Columbia Records on June 18, 1948, with the introduction of a significantly improved version at an event in New York's Waldorf Astoria. This revival saw the 33 1/3 rpm format finally gaining popularity, setting a new standard for audio recording length and quality. Despite RCA's initial resistance to adopting Columbia's technology—leading to the creation of the 45 rpm format in 1949 which was primarily aimed at the singles market—the enduring appeal and practicality of Columbia's LP format prevailed. RCA, having lost significant market share, was compelled to adopt the LP format, which allowed for up to 22 minutes of music per side, vastly surpassing the capacity of their 45 rpm records. This format eventually dominated the market, illustrating a significant shift in recording technology and consumer preference in mid-20th century America.

1931: On September 24, a unique charity event in the form of a round-robin playoff involving New York City’s three major league baseball teams—the Brooklyn Dodgers, New York Yankees, and New York Giants—concluded. This event was organized to raise funds for the unemployed during the economic hardship of the Great Depression. The playoffs saw the Brooklyn Dodgers competing against both the New York Yankees and the New York Giants, where the Dodgers ended up losing to both teams.

The charity playoff was a part of a broader effort to support those affected by the severe economic downturn, and it attracted significant attention from baseball fans in New York City and beyond. The games were held to not only provide financial aid but also to lift the spirits of the city’s residents through America’s pastime. This event was one of several initiatives during the early 1930s aimed at providing relief to the unemployed, showcasing the role of sports in bringing communities together during times of crisis.

1931: The George Washington Bridge, an engineering marvel, first opened to pedestrian traffic on October 24, and to vehicular traffic the following day, October 25. This landmark bridge, connecting Washington Heights in Manhattan, New York, to Fort Lee, New Jersey, across the Hudson River, was at its inauguration the longest suspension bridge in the world. The opening ceremonies included a ribbon-cutting event where Governor Franklin D. Roosevelt of New York and Governor Morgan Foster Larson of New Jersey symbolically parted ribbons at the center of the bridge, marking the boundary between the two states. Notable firsts included two schoolboys who roller-skated across the bridge from Manhattan and a woman from New Jersey who pushed her baby carriage into Manhattan.

Over the years, the bridge's capacity expanded significantly to accommodate growing traffic demands. Originally built with a six-lane roadway, the bridge saw the addition of two center lanes in 1946 and later transformed into a double-decker bridge with a total of 14 lanes by 1962. These expansions were necessitated by the bridge's increasing popularity, making it one of the busiest bridges in the world. The lower roadway, completed in 1962, contributed to this capacity increase, underscoring the bridge's vital role in regional transportation and its ongoing impact on the development and connectivity of the New York metropolitan area.

1931: On October 30, NBC initiated the installation of a television transmitter atop the Empire State Building, which had been completed earlier in May of the same year. This marked a significant step in the advancement of broadcasting technology. The first experimental TV broadcast from this new setup was conducted on December 22, showcasing NBC's commitment to exploring and expanding the possibilities of television. The Empire State Building's unique position in Manhattan made it an ideal location for such pioneering telecommunications efforts.

NBC's efforts at the Empire State Building were part of a broader series of developments in early television history. RCA, NBC's parent company, had begun experimental television transmissions as early as 1928. These early efforts included broadcasts of simple images such as the famous Felix the Cat figure, which was transmitted from different locations in New York City. NBC had consolidated these experimental transmissions at the Empire State Building, operating under newly issued construction permits for television broadcasting by the Federal Radio Commission. The call signs W2XF and W2XK were designated for visual and sound channels respectively, with broadcasts emanating from the 85th floor of this iconic building. This period was crucial in laying the groundwork for the establishment of television as a major medium for mass communication.

1931: On December 11, the Bank of United States, then the fourth-largest bank in New York City, was forced to close its doors. This event marked a significant moment in the history of the Great Depression. With over $200 million in deposits, the collapse of this bank represented the largest single bank failure in U.S. history up to that point. The immediate cause of the closure was the failure of merger negotiations, which led to a rapid withdrawal of deposits by panicked customers. The New York superintendent of banking ultimately stepped in to shut down the bank in an attempt to manage the crisis.

The closure of the Bank of United States had far-reaching effects on the American banking system and is considered a pivotal event in the banking collapse of the early 1930s. It triggered a nationwide panic that led to massive bank runs across the country in the following years. The failure exacerbated the deflationary spiral that severely impacted the U.S. economy from 1931 to 1933. This period saw a wave of bank failures, with thousands of banks closing by early 1933, profoundly deepening the economic impact of the Great Depression and shaping public and governmental responses to banking crises.

1931: On December 25, the Metropolitan Opera initiated its long-standing tradition of live radio broadcasts, starting with Engelbert Humperdinck's opera "Hänsel und Gretel." This historic broadcast, aired on the NBC network, marked the first nationwide transmission of an opera performance in the United States, setting a precedent for classical music broadcasting. The series was designed to expand the Met's audience reach and secure additional financial support during the economic hardships of the Great Depression. These broadcasts became instrumental in maintaining the opera company's financial stability, as demonstrated by the launch of the Met's first radio fund drive on February 25, 1933, which successfully attracted donations to help the company weather financial difficulties.

The impact of these broadcasts on American culture and classical music has been profound, with the series becoming the longest-running classical music series in American broadcast history. Throughout the decades, several prominent announcers have become associated with the Met's radio series. Milton Cross, the first announcer, hosted an impressive 851 performances over 43 seasons, and was succeeded by Peter Allen, who served as announcer for 29 years. The broadcasts have not only brought opera to a vast audience but have also been a stage for sensational debuts, such as that of Kirsten Flagstad who made her U.S. debut on February 2, 1935, in a broadcast of Wagner’s "Die Walküre." Over the years, the Met's radio broadcasts have been honored with nine Peabody Awards, underscoring their significance in the realm of radio and classical music.

1932: The IND Eighth Avenue Line, New York City's first municipally-owned subway, officially opened. The line was a major development in the city's transportation network, extending from 207th Street in Inwood down through Manhattan and into Brooklyn, ending south of High Street in Brooklyn Heights. This initial segment of the Independent Subway System (IND), referred to as the Eighth Avenue Line, marked a significant expansion of New York City's subway infrastructure, utilizing a predominantly four-track layout to facilitate both local and express services. The construction utilized cut-and-cover methods and included flying junctions with several other IND lines, such as the Concourse, Sixth Avenue, and Queens Boulevard Lines, enhancing the system's connectivity and efficiency.

The entire line was designed with a focus on high capacity and rapid transit, featuring local and express services, with the express tracks continuing at both northern and southern extremities of the line. Service began with the A train, providing express service, while the C train offered local service below 168th Street. Over the years, other services such as the B, D, and E trains were added to address varying demand and routing needs through Midtown Manhattan. The design of the stations and the infrastructure reflects the utilitarian and forward-thinking approach of the city's transit development during this era, aiming to address the growing demands of an increasing population and the expanding geographical footprint of the city.

1932: The West Fourth Street–Washington Square station, part of New York City’s subway system, serves as an express station and transfer hub for the IND Sixth Avenue and IND Eighth Avenue Lines. It is located at the intersection of West Fourth Street and Sixth Avenue in Manhattan's Greenwich Village. The station was constructed as part of the Independent Subway System, New York City’s municipally owned subway. The upper level of the station, serving the Eighth Avenue Line, opened first on September 10. This inaugural section was part of the original IND subway line launch, designed to provide comprehensive transit service from downtown Manhattan to the Inwood neighborhood. The lower level, which serves the Sixth Avenue Line, opened several years later on December 15, 1940, further enhancing transit connectivity through Manhattan.

This station is designed with four island platforms and eight tracks, split across two levels—both of which are interconnected by a mezzanine that allows for easy transfers between the lines. The station is accessible, with elevators installed to comply with the Americans with Disabilities Act, and it features amenities like escalators to facilitate passenger movement between different levels. West Fourth Street station is not only a critical part of New York City’s subway infrastructure but also listed on the National Register of Historic Places, recognizing its historical and architectural significance. The station continues to be a vital node in the city’s transit system, serving multiple subway lines and providing access to a vibrant residential and commercial area.

1932: The photograph known as "Lunch atop a Skyscraper" was captured on September 20, during the construction of the RCA Building, now known as the GE Building, at Rockefeller Center in Manhattan, New York City. The image features eleven construction workers taking a lunch break while seated on a steel beam, dangling high above the city landscape. This photograph, initially titled "Builders of The City Enjoy Luncheon," quickly became iconic, symbolizing the resilience and bravery of American workers during the Great Depression. Though commonly misattributed to Lewis Hine, evidence suggests that Charles C. Ebbets was likely the photographer responsible for this enduring image. The photograph was first published on October 2, 1932, in the New York Herald-Tribune, captivating audiences with its portrayal of everyday heroism.

The authenticity and location of the photograph were subjects of much debate and myth over the years, with some mistaking the site for the Empire State Building. However, it was conclusively identified as being taken at the 69th floor of the Rockefeller Center's RCA Building. The photograph not only highlights the fearlessness of the workers but also underscores the significant contributions of immigrants, including many Irish workers, to New York City’s architectural and cultural heritage. This image remains a powerful symbol of the daring feats involved in skyscraper construction and the American spirit during one of the nation's most challenging economic periods.

1932: The World Series, marking the 29th edition of Major League Baseball's championship series, featured the American League champion New York Yankees against the National League champions Chicago Cubs. The series concluded with the Yankees sweeping the Cubs in four games, capturing their fourth World Series title. This victory was significant as it included the famous "called shot" by Babe Ruth during Game 3 at Wrigley Field, where he allegedly predicted his home run, a moment that has since become one of the most iconic in baseball history. The series was held in October, a season in which the Yankees dominated the American League by winning 107 games, finishing 13 games ahead of the second-place Philadelphia Athletics.

Notably, the World Series set a record with 13 future Hall of Famers participating, including players and managers. Among them were Yankees manager Joe McCarthy and Cubs manager Rogers Hornsby, as well as players like Lou Gehrig and Tony Lazzeri, who notably hit a natural cycle during the series. This World Series was also the first to feature teams wearing uniforms with numbered backs, a practice that has continued in baseball to this day. The series not only highlighted Ruth's theatrical home run but also underscored the intense rivalry and competitive spirit between the Yankees and Cubs, setting a precedent for many memorable World Series to come.

1932: Radio City Music Hall, an iconic entertainment venue located at 1260 Avenue of the Americas in Rockefeller Center, Manhattan, opened its doors on December 27. Designed by Edward Durell Stone and Donald Deskey in the Art Deco style, it was originally envisioned as part of a larger complex that included what was supposed to be a new home for the Metropolitan Opera. However, the opera house plans were abandoned in 1929, and the site was developed into what would become Rockefeller Center. Radio City Music Hall, also known as "The Showplace of the Nation," quickly became famous for its large auditorium, which was the world’s largest at the time, and its elaborate stage shows. The venue has a seating capacity of 5,960 and has been a critical part of New York City's cultural scene, hosting a myriad of events including concerts, stage shows, and significant televised events like the Grammy and Tony Awards.

The development of Radio City Music Hall was a part of the larger construction project of Rockefeller Center, which took place from 1932 to 1940. The theater initially served as a lavish movie palace, combining films and stage spectacles, a format it maintained through the 1970s. Despite struggles with declining attendance in the 1970s, Radio City was designated a New York City Landmark in May 1978 and underwent significant restorations in 1999. It has since continued to host high-profile events such as the MTV Video Music Awards and the Radio City Christmas Spectacular, remaining an essential venue for public gatherings and entertainment in New York City.

1933: The RCA Building, located at 30 Rockefeller Plaza in Manhattan, New York City, was constructed. Designed by The Associated Architects, this building is a pivotal component of Rockefeller Center, a landmark complex that emerged from an initial plan to house the Metropolitan Opera. The building’s ground floor and mezzanine interiors, designated as landmarks on September 20, 1983, feature a grand entrance lobby, corridors flanked by shops, and six high-speed elevator banks. These elements are enhanced by extensive mural work by Jose Maria Sert and Frank Brangwyn, integral to the building's aesthetic and symbolic representation.

Rockefeller Center, conceptualized by John D. Rockefeller Jr. following the collapse of plans for a new Metropolitan Opera house, represents a significant achievement in urban planning and architectural integration. The center's development, which spans from Fifth to Sixth Avenues, began with the construction of the RCA Building as its focal point. This project, which ultimately included fourteen buildings completed by 1939, is noted for its cohesive blend of architecture, art, and landscaping, marking it as one of the most ambitious architectural endeavors in American history.

1933: On July 22, Caterina Jarboro made history as the first Black woman to perform with a major American opera company by playing the title role in Verdi's "Aida" at the New York Hippodrome. This milestone occurred 22 years before Marian Anderson's debut at the Metropolitan Opera. Born in Wilmington, North Carolina, Jarboro had a diverse heritage with a Black father and an American Indian mother, and she moved to Brooklyn, New York during her early teens. Her groundbreaking performance at the New York Hippodrome marked a significant moment in American opera history, showcasing talent transcending racial barriers at that time.

Despite the initial success and recognition, Jarboro faced racial prejudice when the New York Metropolitan Association revoked her membership after discovering her Afro-Indian heritage, having initially mistaken her for Italian. Throughout her illustrious career, Jarboro appeared on various prestigious stages across Europe and returned to the United States to perform recitals at notable venues including Town Hall and Carnegie Hall in New York City. In her later years, despite being offered membership again by the New York Metropolitan Association, Jarboro declined, choosing to honor her principles over accolades.

1933: On July 28, Western Union operator Lucille Lipps delivered the first singing telegram by singing a birthday greeting over the phone to Rudy Vallee. The idea, conceived by George P. Oslin, the public relations director at Western Union, was to add a musical twist to the traditional telegram service, which was often associated with delivering sobering news. Oslin’s innovation aimed to make telegrams more entertaining and appealing to a broader audience.

Following its debut to Vallee, the singing telegram service became widely popular and continued officially until 1974 under Western Union. After the service was discontinued by Western Union, independent companies picked up the concept, perpetuating the tradition of musical message delivery. In the modern digital age, the service has evolved to include virtual performances, enabling the delivery of personalized and spirited singing telegrams across vast distances, thereby maintaining the charm and impact of the original idea.

1933: The 21st Street station, officially designated as 21st Street–Van Alst, is an integral part of the IND Crosstown Line of the New York City Subway. Located at the intersection of 21st Street and Jackson Avenue in the Hunters Point neighborhood of Long Island City, Queens, this station is served by the G train at all times. The station’s construction was part of the initial phase of the IND Crosstown Line, which included service extending south to Nassau Avenue in Brooklyn. Excavation of the station site began by April 1929, culminating in its opening on August 19. The station's secondary name, “Van Alst,” honors the historical Van Alst Avenue, the former name of 21st Street, highlighting the area's rich local history.

The name "Van Alst" traces back to Joris Stevensen, a Belgian Dutch sailor known as "de Caper van Alst" ("the sailor from Aalst"), who settled in what was then New Amsterdam in 1652. Stevensen purchased land in what is now Long Island City in 1670. This historical figure’s legacy persisted, influencing the naming of subsequent generations as "Van Alst." Additionally, the Van Alst family had a notable presence in the area, establishing a private cemetery on Jackson Avenue and Orchard Street near the modern Queens Plaza. This heritage also extends to the nearby Van Alst Playground, located on 21st Street and 30th Avenue in Astoria, further embedding the Van Alst name into the local geography and community landmarks.

1933: Fairway Market, a small American grocery chain, was established when Nathan Glickberg founded a modest fruit and vegetable stand at the corner of West 74th and Broadway in Manhattan's Upper West Side. The store grew from these humble beginnings into an icon of New York City grocery retailing, known for its vast selection of fresh produce and gourmet foods. Over the years, Fairway Market has expanded its operations, maintaining its flagship location on Broadway while growing to include additional stores across New York City and beyond, becoming a beloved staple for grocery shoppers in the region.

In recent expansions, Fairway opened new stores in Manhattan and Queens, alongside further growth in New Jersey and New York. Notably, a store was launched on the Upper East Side of Manhattan on July 20, 2011, followed by an opening in the Douglaston neighborhood of Queens on November 16, 2011. The subsequent years saw additional openings: Woodland Park, New Jersey on June 6, 2012; Westbury, New York on August 22, 2012; and Kips Bay, Manhattan in late December 2012. By 2013, Fairway had added locations in Chelsea, Manhattan, and at The Shops at Nanuet shopping mall in Nanuet, New York, continuing its commitment to providing high-quality products and services to its customers.

1933: Fiorello H. La Guardia was elected as the first Italian-American mayor of New York City, breaking away from the traditional political mold of his predecessors. La Guardia, a Republican who was also supported by the City Fusion Party, ran on a strong reform platform aimed at dismantling the corrupt influence of Tammany Hall, the city's Democratic organization. His campaign promised major reforms and administrative overhauls to tackle the entrenched issues of corruption and inefficiency within the city government. As mayor, La Guardia successfully implemented numerous reforms, enhancing the efficiency and integrity of the police and fire departments, expanding social welfare services, and initiating key infrastructure projects, including the construction of La Guardia Airport.

La Guardia served three terms as mayor, continuously working towards the improvement of the city's infrastructure and public services. His tenure is marked by significant achievements in urban development, including initiating slum clearance programs and establishing low-cost housing projects to address the city's housing crisis. A dynamic and vibrant leader, La Guardia was affectionately known as “The Little Flower,” reflecting both his charismatic personality and his first name, Fiorello, which means "little flower" in Italian. Despite his immense popularity and impactful legacy, he declined to run for a fourth term in 1945. After leaving office, La Guardia remained active in public service, taking roles such as the director of the U.S. Office of Civilian Defense during World War II and later, in 1946, as the director general of the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration.

1933: Amid the economic calamity of the Great Depression, President Franklin D. Roosevelt launched the New Deal, a monumental series of economic interventions designed to restore economic stability and provide relief to the American public. This broad array of programs and reforms, which spanned from 1933 to 1938, aimed to address the severe financial distress and widespread unemployment that plagued the United States. The New Deal's strategy focused on the "3 R's": Relief for the unemployed and poor, Recovery to lift the economy to normal levels, and Reform of the financial system to prevent future depressions. Notable programs initiated under this agenda included the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), the Works Progress Administration (WPA), and the Social Security Administration (SSA), among others.

The impact of the New Deal was profound and lasting, leading to a significant political realignment in the United States that favored the Democratic Party for decades. The legislation introduced regulatory changes and safeguards for the banking industry, major federal relief programs, and efforts to revive economic growth through public works projects. The National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933 (NIRA) and various other measures facilitated industrial recovery and improved wages and working conditions nationwide. Despite mixed reviews from different political factions, with progressives largely in favor and conservatives opposed, the New Deal reshaped the role of the federal government in American society and forged a coalition that dominated presidential politics well into the 1960s.

1933: Prohibition in the United States, a nationwide constitutional ban on the production, importation, transportation, and sale of alcoholic beverages, lasted from 1920 to 1933. It was mandated by the 18th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution and enforced through the Volstead Act. During this period, the prohibition of alcohol led to unintended consequences such as a significant increase in organized crime, including the proliferation of speakeasies, bootlegging, and other illicit activities by groups such as the Mafia. Ultimately, the widespread disregard for the law and the rise in crime emphasized the unenforceability and unpopularity of Prohibition.

The 21st Amendment, which repealed the 18th Amendment, was ratified on December 5, officially ending Prohibition. This marked the first and only time in U.S. history that a constitutional amendment was entirely repealed by another. The repeal was a response to public sentiment and economic pressures, including the potential tax revenues from legalized alcohol sales during the Great Depression. Prior to the ratification of the 21st Amendment, President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed the Cullen-Harrison Act in March 1933, which amended the Volstead Act to allow the sale of low-alcohol content beverages, such as beer and wine with up to 3.2 percent alcohol by volume. This act was seen as the beginning of the end for Prohibition.

1933: The Seventh Avenue station, situated at Seventh Avenue and Ninth Street in the Park Slope neighborhood of Brooklyn, is an express station on the IND Culver Line of the New York City Subway. It was officially opened to the public on October 7, following the expansion of what was then called the Smith Street Line or South Brooklyn Line. The construction of this station was undertaken by the Independent Subway System (IND), aimed at enhancing subway accessibility in the area. Featuring four tracks and two island platforms, the station caters to the F and G trains at all times, with additional service by the train during peak hours in the rush direction.

Originally, the extension of the Culver Line, which includes the Seventh Avenue station, was part of a larger initiative proposed in the 1920s by Mayor John Hylan. The IND’s strategic plan was to extend subway service all the way to Coney Island by integrating parts of the BMT Culver Line. The line's extension from Bergen Street to Church Avenue was completed on the same day as the Seventh Avenue station was opened, marking a significant development in Brooklyn's subway infrastructure. This expansion was designed to facilitate not only direct express services to Manhattan via the Culver Line but also local services connecting through the IND Crosstown Line.

1933: Patsy's Pizzeria, a storied New York City institution, was established by Pasquale "Patsy" Lancieri in the Italian Harlem section of East Harlem, known for its significant Italian population. The pizzeria quickly became one of New York's pioneering pizza establishments, standing alongside other early pizzerias such as Lombardi's, Totonno's, and John's. Notably, Patsy's is credited with introducing the concept of selling pizza by the slice, a practice that would become a hallmark of New York City pizzerias. Lancieri honed his pizza-making skills at Lombardi's, which is famed for its coal-fired brick oven, before opening his own establishment.

Following Pasquale Lancieri's death, Patsy's Pizzeria experienced significant changes, including a change in ownership in 1991 when Frank Brija, an immigrant from Kosovo, purchased the business from Lancieri’s widow. Brija, who has continued to uphold the pizzeria's tradition, successfully trademarked the name "Patsy's Pizzeria" in 1995. That same year, he expanded the brand by opening a new franchise location at 509 Third Avenue near 34th Street. The expansion continued as Tsoulos, a member of a Greek pizza-making family from Queens, and his partners opened an additional four franchise locations across Manhattan, helping to secure Patsy's Pizzeria as a key player in New York's rich culinary history.

1933: The 15th Street–Prospect Park station, part of the IND Culver Line of the New York City Subway, opened on October 7. It is located at 15th Street east of Prospect Park West in the neighborhoods of Windsor Terrace and Park Slope, Brooklyn. This local underground station features two tracks and one island platform, with the Culver Line's express tracks separately routed beneath Prospect Park, invisible from the station platforms. The unique positioning of the station about 100 feet east of Prospect Park West is due to the specific alignment of the local street grid, avoiding direct construction underneath any major streets. In recognition of its historical and architectural significance, the station was listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places on July 27, 2005.

The construction of the 15th Street–Prospect Park station was part of a broader initiative by the Independent Subway System (IND), originally proposed in the 1920s under Mayor John Hylan. The aim was to extend the subway line to Coney Island by integrating segments of the BMT Culver Line. This extension strategy, completed on the same day as the station opening, included the segment from Bergen Street to Church Avenue. This station primarily serves the residential community of Windsor Terrace and is strategically placed near notable Brooklyn landmarks such as Prospect Park and Green-Wood Cemetery, enhancing transit accessibility for both local residents and visitors.

1934: Fiorello La Guardia, the 99th Mayor of New York City, held office from January 1, 1934, to January 1, 1946. His 12-year tenure is one of the most notable in the city's history, as he guided New York through the hardships of the Great Depression and World War II. Known for his dynamic leadership and dedication to public service, La Guardia's administration was pivotal in laying the groundwork for modern New York City with extensive infrastructure projects and social reforms that aimed to improve the lives of its citizens.

Throughout his time in office, La Guardia was instrumental in initiating and completing numerous public works projects, which are often cited as foundational to the city's modern infrastructure. These included the construction of bridges, roads, and public housing, as well as improvements to the city's airports and parks. His mayoralty also marked a significant shift in the management of the city, with a focus on reducing corruption and increasing efficiency in government operations, which helped transform New York into a leading global city. His impact is still felt today, as many of his policies and developments continue to shape the fabric of New York City.

1934: The New York City Housing Authority (NYCHA) was established under the administration of Mayor Fiorello H. LaGuardia, marking the first agency in the United States dedicated to providing publicly funded housing solutions. This move was aimed at addressing the acute housing shortage exacerbated by the Great Depression. In 1935, NYCHA completed its inaugural development, known as the First Houses, on the Lower East Side of Manhattan. This project involved the renovation of existing apartment buildings, a process that proved to be financially unsustainable. NYCHA’s creation was intended not only to provide affordable housing but also to clear slums and set a benchmark for public housing in the city.

NYCHA’s construction efforts expanded significantly after World War II, in collaboration with urban planner Robert Moses, focusing on remodeling New York into a modern urban space. The first entirely new constructions—Harlem River Houses in 1937 and Williamsburg Houses in 1938—were notable for their art deco architecture and were initially segregated by race. The bulk of NYCHA’s portfolio, however, was built between 1945 and 1965, featuring the modernist, tower-in-the-park style. These post-war developments often contained over 1,000 apartment units each and relied primarily on city and state funding, especially after the Federal Housing Act of 1937 funding mechanisms lapsed. In response to growing criticism during the 1950s and 1960s, NYCHA introduced designs with varied building heights and improved amenities, and in 1958, under Mayor Robert F. Wagner Jr., began focusing on smaller, less dense projects that maintained the existing street grid.

1934: The School of American Ballet (SAB) was established in New York City on January 2, by Lincoln Kirstein and George Balanchine. At the age of 29, Balanchine traveled from Europe to America specifically to open this institution, which first welcomed students at its Madison Avenue location. The school's initial facilities included a large studio equipped with big windows, mirrors on one wall, and ballet barres on the remaining three. Classes were conducted on the fourth floor of a building that also housed painters' lofts above and office spaces below, including a tailor who had recently relocated to accommodate the school.

From its inception, SAB's curriculum was rigorous, featuring technique, adagio, character, and variations classes six days a week. Among the original faculty were Pierre Vladimiroff, a distinguished dancer from the Imperial School and former premier danseur at the Maryinsky and with Diaghilev’s company; Dorothie Littlefield, who hailed from a family of dancers with deep roots in ballet education; and Muriel Stuart, a former performer with Anna Pavlova known for her lyricism and effective teaching methods. These instructors brought a diverse range of expertise from the Russian, English, and Danish ballet traditions, shaping the school's early development and its foundational approach to ballet training.

1934: On January 23, Murray Murdoch, the left wing for the New York Rangers, played his 400th consecutive NHL game, marking a significant milestone in his career. This game, which the Rangers won 5-2 against the Ottawa Senators, took place at Madison Square Garden in New York City. Murdoch's streak continued beyond this game, eventually culminating in a total of 508 consecutive games played, a record that highlights his resilience and durability as an athlete.

Murray Murdoch's achievement is not only a testament to his personal endurance but also a noteworthy chapter in the sports history of New York City. By reaching such a milestone at Madison Square Garden, one of the most iconic sports venues in the world, Murdoch's legacy is forever intertwined with the rich athletic heritage of the city. This event underscores the city's long-standing tradition of hosting high-caliber sports figures and moments that have had lasting impacts both locally and across the hockey world.

1934: On January 30, New York City witnessed a landmark moment in the history of the performing arts in America with the first theatrical presentation sponsored by the U.S. government. This event marked the initiation of the Federal Theatre Project, a key component of the New Deal programs implemented during the Great Depression under President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s administration. The Federal Theatre Project was specifically designed to provide employment for theater professionals at a time when economic conditions had drastically curtailed opportunities in the arts sector.

The introduction of government-sponsored theater in New York City not only provided crucial financial support to artists but also enriched the cultural offerings available to the public. By making theater accessible to wider audiences, the Federal Theatre Project played a pivotal role in establishing New York City as a cultural center, enhancing its reputation as a hub for innovation in the arts. This program underscored the importance of culture and the arts in society, highlighting the government’s role in supporting artistic expression and contributing to the economic and social recovery during the 1930s.

1934: The American Negro Ballet Company, formed by German dancer and choreographer Eugene Von Grona, was a groundbreaking ensemble dedicated to showcasing the talents of Black dancers in classical and modern ballet. The company made its debut performance at the Lafayette Theatre on November 21, 1937, a significant event in the history of dance that featured an all-Black orchestra conducted by Dean Dixon. The program included diverse musical accompaniments such as "Bacchanalian Children of the Earth" by Reginald Foresythe, "St. Louis Women" by W. C. Handy, and Stravinsky’s "Firebird Suite," played from a phonograph, along with pieces by Duke Ellington. This debut was not only a display of exceptional artistic talent but also a cultural milestone, highlighting the capabilities of Black artists in a segregated America.

Despite its pioneering start and a successful performance in Brighton, England, in 1938, the American Negro Ballet disbanded the same year. However, resilience marked the company's journey, as it reformed in 1939 under the name "Von Grona's American Negro Ballet." Many original members rejoined and participated in Lew Leslie’s "Blackbirds of 1939," an all-Black production featuring Lena Horne with choreography by Von Grona. Additionally, in 1939 and 1940, former members collaborated with the Negro Symphony Orchestra and took part in Agnes de Mille’s "Black Ritual (Obeah)," premiered by Ballet Theatre in its inaugural season. These activities underscored the enduring impact and legacy of the American Negro Ballet in promoting diversity and excellence in the performing arts.

1934: On February 9, New York City experienced its coldest day on record, with temperatures plummeting to -15°F. This extreme cold snap left the city grappling with its harsh effects as residents sought refuge from the frigid conditions, gathering around any available heat source, such as makeshift fire pits. February of that year was noted as the coldest month in the city's recorded weather history, with an average temperature of just 19.9°F, according to data from the National Weather Service. The severity of this winter month underscored the challenging weather conditions typically experienced during February in New York.

The remarkable recovery in temperature the following day further exemplifies the volatility of New York City's winter weather. On February 10, the temperature rose dramatically by 42°F from the previous day's record low, signaling a substantial and rapid warming. This shift not only provided a respite from the extreme cold but also demonstrated the dynamic nature of northeastern United States climate patterns. Such significant temperature fluctuations are noteworthy both meteorologically and historically, as they highlight the resilience of New Yorkers and the city's infrastructure in responding to and managing extreme weather events.

1934: On February 27, Mayor Fiorello H. La Guardia inaugurated the first Municipal Art Exhibition of New York City, held in the Forum of the RCA Building at Rockefeller Center. This groundbreaking event showcased a variety of works including paintings, sculptures, drawings, and prints, featuring contributions from prominent living American artists associated with New York's vibrant art scene. The exhibition, which ran until March 31, was a significant cultural milestone, reflecting the city’s commitment to fostering artistic expression during a time of economic hardship.

The Municipal Art Exhibition aligned with a wider national movement towards government-sponsored arts programs, as seen in President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s establishment of the Public Works of Art Project the same year. This federal initiative, operational from December 1933 to June 1934, aimed to support artists financially and culturally during the Great Depression. Artists were encouraged to create works that depicted “the American Scene,” promoting values like community and resilience. By investing in such cultural programs, both federal and city leaders demonstrated a belief in the power of art to uplift public morale and reinforce a collective sense of identity and purpose during challenging times. This exhibition not only highlighted the talent within the city but also underscored New York’s role as a leader in the national dialogue about the importance of the arts.

1934: DC Comics, Inc., one of the oldest and largest American comic book publishers, was founded and later became the flagship unit of DC Entertainment, a subsidiary of Warner Bros. Discovery. The initials "DC" stand for Detective Comics, a series first published in 1937. Under the DC banner, the company launched many iconic characters that would come to define the superhero genre, including Superman, Batman, Wonder Woman, Green Lantern, the Flash, and Aquaman. Over the decades, DC has expanded its fictional universe to feature prominent teams such as the Justice League, the Justice Society of America, and the Teen Titans, along with famous villains like the Joker, Lex Luthor, and Darkseid. In addition to its mainstream DC Universe titles, the company has published notable works outside this universe under alternative imprints such as Vertigo and DC Black Label, including Watchmen, V for Vendetta, and Fables.

Originally headquartered at 432 Fourth Avenue in Manhattan, DC Comics’ offices later moved across various New York City locations, including Lexington Avenue, Rockefeller Plaza, and 1700 Broadway, before relocating to Burbank, California, in April 2015. DC Comics books are distributed to the bookstore market through Penguin Random House Publisher Services, while the comics shop direct market, previously managed by Diamond Comic Distributors, transitioned to Lunar Distribution and UCS Comic Distributors in June 2020 due to disruptions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. By 2017, DC Comics and its long-time rival, Marvel Comics, held approximately 70% of the American comic book market, a figure reflecting their dominant influence in the industry. Today, DC remains one of the leading publishers in the comic book market, second only to Viz Media when all book sales are considered.

1934: The Wall Street Skyport, also known as Downtown Skyport, was inaugurated, marking a significant advancement in New York City’s aviation infrastructure. Located on the East River at the foot of Wall Street, the facility catered primarily to the city's financial district, offering a novel mode of transportation to suburban commuters. It operated until the mid-1980s. The project was part of Mayor Fiorello La Guardia's broader initiative to promote aviation in the city, which also included the establishment of another seaplane base at East 31st Street and the municipal airport, Floyd Bennett Field, which opened in 1930.

The Skyport featured a state-of-the-art floating ramp and a turntable system, designed to expedite the loading and unloading of passengers. This system allowed seaplanes to taxi onto the partially submerged turntable, rotate 180 degrees, and prepare for takeoff within 40 seconds. Officially opened on September 5, after its launch from the Brooklyn Navy Yard on August 15, the facility was a marvel of efficiency and design, symbolizing New York’s early adoption of innovative transportation technologies. The Skyport was not just a functional space but also an emblem of the era's ambitious urban planning and architectural ingenuity.

1934: The Women's National Republican Club established its current headquarters at 3 West 51st Street in New York City. This event marked a significant chapter in the club's history, symbolizing its growth and stability. The new building, designed in the Neo-Georgian style, was constructed on the former site of Andrew Carnegie's home, embedding the club within a historically significant context. Recognized for its architectural and cultural value, this location was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2013, highlighting its importance in the city's heritage.

The construction of this building underscores the club's longstanding commitment to providing a space for Republican women to engage in political discourse and activism. This move was an extension of the club's origins in 1921, which were deeply rooted in the women's suffrage movement that led to the Nineteenth Amendment. By securing a permanent home in such a prestigious location, the Women's National Republican Club not only solidified its presence in New York City's political and social scene but also reinforced its mission to empower and involve women in Republican politics.

1934: Reeves Lewenthal founded the Associated American Artists (AAA) in New York City, setting a new precedent for the art market by making fine art accessible to middle and upper-middle class Americans. Lewenthal, who had previously worked as a publicist for various artistic institutions and individuals, recognized the untapped potential in marketing affordable, high-quality art prints. In contrast to the high-priced limited editions typical of the era, which were priced between $10 and $50, Reeves introduced a model where lithographs could be purchased for $5 each, with an additional $2 for framing. This innovative approach allowed middle-class buyers to own "signed originals" by prominent American artists, significantly expanding the market for these works.

The creation of AAA marked a significant shift in how art was sold and consumed, dovetailing perfectly with the broader commercialization of art during the Great Depression. By the fall, Reeves had secured contracts with fifty department stores to distribute these affordable prints, which included works by noted artists such as Thomas Hart Benton, among others. This move not only provided a new revenue stream for artists during a financially challenging time but also played a crucial role in democratizing art ownership, thus contributing significantly to the growth of art as an industry. AAA continued to influence the art market until its closure in 2000, leaving a lasting legacy on the commercial art scene.

1934: On March 1, Italian heavyweight boxer Primo Carnera successfully defended his World Heavyweight Title against American challenger Tommy Loughran at Madison Square Garden, New York City. The bout, which was Carnera's second title defense, ended in a unanimous decision after 15 rounds, with the judges scoring it 10-1, 12-3, and 10-1 in favor of Carnera. Originally scheduled for February 22, the fight was postponed first by six days due to clashes with other social events and then delayed an additional day because of rain. Carnera, who weighed in at 270 pounds, had a significant weight advantage over Loughran, who weighed 186 pounds, marking an 84-pound difference—the largest-ever in a title fight until it was surpassed in 2005.

The fight attracted an estimated crowd of 15,000 people, though reports suggested that a third of these were comped tickets. The official paid attendance was counted at 8,624, generating gate receipts totaling $44,598. This heavyweight clash not only highlighted the significant weight disparity between competitors but also underscored the popularity and spectacle of boxing events during this era. The event at Madison Square Garden further cemented its reputation as a premier venue for major sports events, contributing to the rich sporting history of New York City.

1934: The Baker Street Irregulars (BSI), a society celebrating the legacy of Sherlock Holmes, held its first formal meeting on June 5, at Christ Cella's Restaurant in New York City. This event, sponsored by Christopher Morley, was exclusively for men and featured Morley reading his manuscript, "Was Sherlock Holmes an American?". The BSI was inspired by earlier informal gatherings of Morley and friends, often centered around Sherlock Holmes and literary discussions. This inaugural meeting of the BSI was a precursor to establishing the organization as a notable literary and social club, dedicated to the appreciation of Holmes and the works of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle.

Christopher Morley, a prolific writer and a passionate Sherlock Holmes enthusiast, played a pivotal role in the founding and popularization of the BSI. He used his influence through his work with the Saturday Review of Literature and other publications to spark interest and organize the club. Following the meeting, the BSI continued to grow, holding its first annual dinner on December 7, which was attended by notable figures such as William Gillette and Vincent Starrett. Morley’s contribution to the Sherlockian community, combined with his efforts to maintain the BSI as a vibrant and engaging society, laid the groundwork for what would become a lasting institution in literary circles.

1934: The Rainbow Room, located on the 65th floor of 30 Rockefeller Plaza, first opened on October 3, founded by John D. Rockefeller Jr. as a central piece of the Rockefeller Center complex. Initially constructed to serve New York City's elite, the venue became a symbol of luxury, boasting breathtaking views and an opulent setting. Despite temporary closures, including one from 1942 to 1950 during World War II, the Rainbow Room underwent significant renovations in 1965 and again between 1985 and 1987, each time enhancing its original allure from the 1930s.

The venue faced another shutdown following the financial crisis, closing its doors in 2009. It was not until 2012 that the Rainbow Room was declared a New York City landmark by the Landmarks Preservation Commission, a recognition that highlighted its architectural and cultural importance, specifically protecting its interior. After a refurbishment period, the Rainbow Room reopened in 2014 as a venue for private events and high-profile gatherings. It continues to operate as an esteemed landmark, blending historical elegance with contemporary luxury, and plays a pivotal role in New York City's rich cultural tapestry.

1934: The iconic Prometheus sculpture, designed by Paul Manship, was unveiled at Rockefeller Center in New York City. Cast in gilded bronze by the Roman Bronze Works, a division of the General Bronze Corporation in Queens, Prometheus became a central piece of the complex's public artwork. The sculpture measures 18 feet tall and weighs 8 tons, depicting the Greek Titan Prometheus who, according to mythology, brought fire to humanity. The statue is prominently located in a sunken plaza in front of 30 Rockefeller Plaza, making it a focal point and one of the most photographed sites in the area, particularly during the winter months when it is surrounded by the seasonal ice skating rink and the Rockefeller Center Christmas Tree.

Prometheus is situated in a 60-by-16-foot fountain basin against the west wall of the lower plaza at Rockefeller Center, a space that transitions into a vibrant outdoor restaurant in warmer months. The background features a gray granite wall inscribed with a quote from Aeschylus about Prometheus’s gift of fire to mankind, highlighting its cultural and artistic significance. This setup not only enhances the plaza's aesthetics but also serves as a year-round attraction, drawing countless visitors and locals who come to admire the blend of art, mythology, and urban design.

1934: La Casina, also known as La Casino, underwent a significant redesign in the Streamline Moderne style, transforming it into a notable commercial building in Jamaica, Queens, New York City. Originally built around 1907, the building was converted into a one-story nightclub with a unique, streamlined façade featuring a stepped pyramid or ziggurat form, reflective of the era’s Art Deco influences. La Casina’s redesign included a distinctive vertical neon sign, which has been preserved as a hallmark of its historic character. By the 1940s, the building had transitioned from a nightclub to a clothing factory, which it remained until 1987.

La Casina was recognized for its architectural and cultural significance when it was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1990. In 1995, the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission held a public hearing to consider La Casina as a designated landmark, with substantial support from the Greater Jamaica Development Corporation and local community members. This designation was officially granted in 1996. Now known as the Jamaica Business Resource Center, La Casina continues to stand at 90-33 160th Street, preserving a unique piece of Queens’ architectural history and contributing to the local heritage of Jamaica’s commercial district.

1934: Tavern on the Green, an iconic American cuisine restaurant located in Central Park, Manhattan, first opened its doors in October. Situated near the intersection of Central Park West and West 66th Street on the Upper West Side, the restaurant occupies a structure originally built in 1870 as a sheepfold designed by Calvert Vaux and Jacob Wrey Mould. The building's initial purpose was to house sheep that grazed in nearby Sheep Meadow, a function that ceased under the directive of NYC Parks Commissioner Robert Moses.

After serving as a restaurant until its closure in 2009, the building underwent a series of ownership changes and was repurposed as a public visitor center and gift shop by the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation from 2010 to 2012. Following a multimillion-dollar renovation, Tavern on the Green was revived and reopened in 2014, now managed by Jim Caiola and David Salama. Today, it continues to offer a blend of historical charm and modern culinary excellence, making it a beloved landmark and dining destination within New York City.

1934: Lundy’s Restaurant, also known as Lundy Brothers Restaurant, opened its newly constructed building in the Sheepshead Bay neighborhood of Brooklyn, New York City. Originally founded by Frederick William Irving Lundy (commonly known as Irving) in 1926, the restaurant had its first location on a waterfront pier before moving to a new structure designed by architects Bloch & Hesse in the Spanish Colonial Revival style. The building, now a designated New York City landmark, featured distinctive red-tile roofs, leadlight windows, and decorative ironwork, which made it a unique architectural presence in the area. With seating for between 2,400 and 2,800 patrons, Lundy’s became one of the largest seafood restaurants in the United States, known for its clam and seafood dishes, and drew in over a million visitors annually at its peak.

Lundy’s continued to operate until its closure in October 1979, ending an era for Sheepshead Bay as the last of the neighborhood's historic seafood establishments. Despite its popularity, the restaurant faced significant challenges in the 1970s, including multiple robberies, an unfavorable health inspection in 1973, a fire in 1977, and a series of internal financial disputes following Irving Lundy’s death that same year. Although the building was reopened as a restaurant from 1996 to 2007, it eventually transitioned to a shopping center, leaving behind a legacy as a landmark of Brooklyn’s dining and architectural history.

1934: Benjamin Franklin High School opened at 200 Pleasant Avenue in East Harlem, Manhattan, New York City. Located between 114th and 116th Streets, the school became a significant institution in the neighborhood, with pioneering educator Leonard Covello serving as its principal. Covello, who was the city's first Italian-American principal, introduced progressive educational practices aimed at bridging cultural gaps and engaging the local community. Under his leadership, Benjamin Franklin High School gained recognition for its innovative approaches to education and its commitment to serving East Harlem’s diverse population.

The New York City Board of Education closed Benjamin Franklin High School in June 1982 due to ongoing performance challenges. That September, the building reopened as the Manhattan Center for Science and Mathematics, a specialized high school, along with the Isaac Newton Middle School for Math and Science, a middle school serving grades 6–8. The building, an enduring symbol of East Harlem's educational heritage, was officially designated a New York City landmark by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission on May 29, 2018, ensuring its preservation as a historic site in Upper Manhattan.

1934: Butler Library, located on the campus of Columbia University at 535 West 114th Street in Manhattan, New York City, officially opened. It was designed by architect James Gamble Rogers in a Neoclassical style, reflecting the architectural context of the campus created by McKim, Mead & White. The building, originally proposed to replace the inadequate Low Library, was completed with a significant donation from philanthropist Edward Harkness, who provided $4 million towards its construction. This structure, now the university's largest library, houses over 2 million volumes across collections in humanities, history, social sciences, literature, philosophy, and religion, including the Columbia Rare Book and Manuscript Library.

Construction of Butler Library began in 1931 and was completed three years later, marking a significant expansion of Columbia University's facilities to support its growing academic community. The library was initially named "South Hall" as a placeholder until 1946, a year after Nicholas Murray Butler's retirement from his long tenure as president of the university from 1902 to 1945. It was then renamed Butler Library in his honor. The library's strategic location across from Low Library on South Field enhances the architectural symmetry of the campus, contributing significantly to Columbia's educational environment.

1934: St. John's Terminal, also known as 550 Washington Street, was constructed as a significant component of the West Side Improvement Project in New York City. Designed by Edward A. Dougherty and built by the New York Central Railroad, this structure was initially a terminus for the High Line, an elevated freight rail line facilitating the transportation of goods through Manhattan's West Side. The terminal, sprawling across three floors each measuring 205,000 square feet, was notable for its size, being one of the largest single-floor areas in New York City at the time. It accommodated 227 train cars, underscoring its capacity and importance in the city's industrial framework.

Post-World War II, the terminal transitioned from a freight hub to a commercial space. In 1960, the freight line was decommissioned, and the building was later acquired and converted into a warehouse and office building by Eugene M. Grant and Lionel Bauman. This adaptability showcased the building's robust design, which supported a range of uses over the decades. Notable tenants included Merrill Lynch & Co. and Manufacturers Hanover Corporation, the latter adding a fourth story in 1966. The building's enduring presence in the Hudson Square neighborhood of Manhattan highlights its architectural and historical significance, functioning as a dynamic space within the urban landscape of New York City.

1934: Founded by Louis and Lillian, Zabar's began as a modest 22-foot-wide shop located at 2245 Broadway and West 80th Street in Manhattan's Upper West Side. Louis Zabar was committed to quality, personally roasting coffee and meticulously selecting smoked fish from local smokehouses, often rejecting more than he accepted. This dedication to quality and customer service laid the foundation for Zabar's reputation as a premier appetizing store, offering a diverse range of bagels, smoked fish, olives, and cheeses. The store, set in a building originally designed in 1870 by architects Calvert Vaux and Jacob Wrey Mould, was once a sheepfold before becoming a culinary landmark.

Through the decades, Zabar's has been at the forefront of introducing gourmet foods to New Yorkers. In the 1960s, Zabar's introduced Brie to New York City; in the 1970s, it brought in sun-dried tomatoes and gnocchi; and in the 1980s, it sparked the "Caviar War" with competitively priced caviar. These innovations are a testament to the Zabar family's philosophy of continuously seeking new and exciting products while maintaining respect for customers and a commitment to quality. Today, Zabar's remains a family-run business, spanning nearly an entire city block and is managed by the second generation of Zabars, who uphold the family's traditions of quality and innovation in the culinary world.

1934: The Post Office Department issued the 3-cent blue Byrd Antarctic Expedition souvenir sheet (Scott number 735) to commemorate Admiral Richard E. Byrd's second Antarctic expedition. This sheet is imperforate, featuring six stamps on ungummed panes that were cut into individual souvenir sheets for sale exclusively at the National Stamp Exhibition in New York City from February 10-19. Each stamp shares the same dark blue design, originally issued in 1933 for mail from Byrd’s Antarctic base, Little America. The sheets were produced by flat plate printing and contain the plate number 21184.

Following complaints from collectors about the limited distribution of these stamps, Postmaster General James Farley authorized a special printing in 1935 of uncut panes, which included gutter pairs and blocks that had been impossible to obtain from the original issue. These reprints, known as "Farley's Follies," were assigned Scott catalog number 768. The key distinction between the original and reprint lies in the presence of intact gutters in the latter, a detail crucial for collectors distinguishing between the two issues. Additionally, an autographed souvenir sheet by Admiral Byrd, part of this issue, is held by the Smithsonian Institution, donated from the extensive autographed stamp collection of Malcolm MacGregor in 1984.

1934: The National Association of Science Writers (NASW) was officially established in June by notable science journalists including John J. O'Neill, William L. Laurence, and others, with David Dietz as the first president. This organization was founded to enhance the dissemination of accurate scientific information through the media and to improve the quality of science journalism. NASW rapidly expanded, adding new members at a subsequent meeting in Cleveland in September of the same year.

Since its inception, NASW has committed to promoting high standards in science journalism. In 1972, it launched the annual Science in Society Awards to recognize outstanding science reporting that explores the impact of science on society. NASW remains the oldest and largest professional association for science writers in the United States, boasting over 2,400 regular members, more than 200 affiliates, and over 400 student members, continuing its mission to support excellence in science journalism and enhance public understanding of science.

1934: The Rainey Memorial Gates, an iconic entrance to the Bronx Zoo in New York City, were constructed. Crafted from sculpted bronze in the Art Deco style, these gates serve as a tribute to the notable big-game hunter Paul James Rainey, who passed away in 1923. Designed by the renowned sculptor Paul Manship, who began work on the gates in 1926, they are adorned with stylized depictions of animal and plant life, including a prominent seated lion. The gates are not only a functional entryway but also a piece of art that encapsulates the era's artistic sensibilities.

Recognized for their historical and artistic value, the Rainey Memorial Gates were designated as a New York City landmark and were added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1972. They are framed by low bronze screens that connect to granite gatekeepers' lodges, enhancing the grandeur of the entrance. As a landmark, the gates have been preserved as an integral piece of New York's cultural heritage, symbolizing the intersection of art, wildlife conservation, and historical memory at one of the city’s most visited attractions.

1934: The New York University School of Professional Studies (NYU SPS), originally known as the New York University School of Continuing Education, was founded as an integral part of NYU, offering a broad range of undergraduate, graduate, and continuing education programs. Located at 7 East 12th Street near Washington Square Park, NYU SPS has established itself as a hub for professional advancement and education, providing dynamic and flexible learning opportunities. This institution caters to a diverse student body, including high school graduates, transfer students, adult learners, active duty military members, and veterans. The school is particularly noted for its comprehensive educational offerings in fields such as liberal arts, global affairs, publishing, business, English, hospitality, sports business, and real estate.

1934: The Artists Union, originally named the Emergency Work Bureau Artists Group, began its influential journey in September 1933 but made significant strides by the following year. In January, the group, now known as the Unemployed Artists Group, staged a pivotal demonstration outside the Whitney Museum of American Art. This protest, which occurred on January 9, was aimed at securing work-relief projects for unemployed artists, advocating for their inclusion in the Public Works of Art Project, established just a month prior in December 1933. This protest underscored the group's emerging role in the New York City arts community, setting the stage for further actions.

As the year progressed, the group, which had changed its name to the Artists Union, continued to gain traction. It found a permanent meeting spot at 60 West Fifteenth Street, where it convened on Wednesday nights, drawing crowds of two to three hundred people, indicating its growing influence. In November, the Union began publishing 'Art Front,' a magazine that collaborated with the Artists Committee of Action. This publication emerged in the wake of cultural advocacy and protest, particularly after the controversial destruction of Diego Rivera's mural earlier that year. Through these initiatives, the Artists Union solidified its position as a principal cultural and social hub for artists in 1930s New York, significantly impacting the social history of the arts in America.

1934: The Jewish Labor Committee (JLC) was established in New York City as a secular Jewish labor organization with the primary aim of opposing the rise of Nazism in Germany. Founded by Jewish trade union leaders and activists, the JLC sought to address the growing threat of fascism and anti-Semitism in Europe while promoting labor union interests within organized Jewish communities in the United States. The committee’s founding marked a crucial intersection of Jewish and labor movements in America, creating a network to support both Jewish and workers' rights.

Headquartered in New York, the JLC expanded over the years, establishing regional offices in cities like Boston, Philadelphia, Chicago, and Los Angeles, as well as volunteer-led affiliated groups across other U.S. communities. The organization was also active in Canada from 1936 until the 1970s. Today, the Jewish Labor Committee continues its mission to reinforce the historical alliance between the American Jewish community and the labor movement, promoting shared values around social justice and workers' rights. The JLC remains an influential advocate, fostering unity and mutual support between these communities on issues such as anti-discrimination, labor rights, and social equality.

1934: The US Post Office-Flushing Main, prominently located at 4165 Main Street in Flushing, Queens, opened. It encapsulates the architectural elegance of the Colonial Revival style. Construction began in 1932 under the guidance of architects Dwight James Baum and William W. Knowles, serving as consulting architects to the Office of the Supervising Architect. This two-story building is constructed with a steel frame and clad in oversized handmade red brick with marble trim. Its grand entrance is marked by an imposing portico with six Ionic columns supporting a full pedimented entablature, typical of its historical style.

Inside, the post office houses a culturally significant mural painted in 1933 by artist Vincent Aderente, enhancing its historical ambiance. This artwork adds to the site’s value, reflecting the 1930s trend of incorporating art into public spaces to enrich the civic experience. Acknowledging its architectural and cultural significance, the building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988, ensuring its preservation as a vital piece of New York’s heritage and architectural history.

1934: The Bronx County Courthouse, also known as the Mario Merola Building, is a significant historical structure located in the Concourse and Melrose neighborhoods of the Bronx, New York City. Designed in 1931 by a collaboration of architects including Joseph Freedlander, the courthouse was constructed over a three-year period, culminating in its opening. This Art Deco style building is constructed from limestone and sits on a rusticated granite base. It features an interior court and is adorned with a frieze by the renowned sculptor Charles Keck. Notable sculptures by George Holburn Snowden grace the 161st Street side, while two sculptural groups on the Walton Avenue side were created by Joseph Kiselewski in collaboration with Adolph A. Weinman. The building is positioned two blocks east-southeast of Yankee Stadium and directly across from Joyce Kilmer Park.

The courthouse's historical significance is further highlighted by its interior artworks, including four large murals by James Monroe Hewlett, each measuring 10 feet by 36 feet. These murals, unveiled in June, depict key events in the history of the Bronx such as the arrival of Jonas Bronck in 1639 and the Battle of Pell's Point in 1776. Located in the building's Veterans Memorial Hall, each mural plays a critical role in commemorating the borough's rich history. Additionally, the Bronx County Courthouse was officially listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983, underscoring its importance as a landmark in New York City's architectural and cultural heritage.

1934: New York City Mayor Fiorello H. La Guardia made a significant administrative change by consolidating the five independent borough parks departments into a unified Department of Parks, appointing Robert Moses as the sole commissioner. This strategic move aimed to streamline operations and improve the management of the city's extensive park system. Moses, who already held several key positions in state park management, was also named the head of the Triborough Bridge Authority, consolidating considerable power over New York City’s infrastructure development. His office was based in the Arsenal, a key location in Central Park that became the hub for planning the city’s parks expansion and modernization.

Under Robert Moses’ leadership from 1934 until his departure in 1968, his influence on New York's landscape was profound. He was responsible for the construction of public works totaling $27 billion, which included parks, highways, bridges, playgrounds, housing, tunnels, beaches, zoos, civic centers, and the 1964-65 New York World’s Fair. Notably, he developed 17 miles of beaches and constructed major bridges and tunnels that reshaped the city's transportation network. However, Moses' legacy is highly controversial; his development projects often led to the displacement of thousands of residents and the disruption of established communities, sparking significant debate about urban development's social impacts.

1934: The New York Women's Bar Association (NYWBA) was founded to address the exclusion of women from the legal profession, specifically from the New York City Bar Association. This initiative was largely driven by the experiences of women like Hilda G. Schwartz, who was denied membership due to the absence of women's restrooms at the City Bar. Incorporated in 1935, the NYWBA aimed to "define and elevate the status of women" in law, a mission underscored by the 11 founding members' signatures on its Certificate of Incorporation.

By May 25, 1936, the NYWBA held its first annual reception, welcoming 50 new women lawyers at the George Washington Hotel—an alternative venue as women were still unwelcome in traditional bar association facilities. The success of these early initiatives led to a significant breakthrough in 1937 when the City Bar allowed the NYWBA to host its second reception at its building, marking the first time in 68 years that women were welcomed there on equal terms with men. This event catalyzed further inclusion, with the City Bar voting to accept women as members the following year, showcasing the NYWBA’s pivotal role in transforming the legal landscape for women.

1934: The US Post Office-Jamaica Main, located at 8840 164th Street in Jamaica, Queens, New York, was established with construction starting in 1932. Designed by the architectural firm Cross & Cross, this facility is distinguished as one of only two post offices in New York City developed by these architects, serving as consultants to the Office of the Supervising Architect. Built in the Colonial Revival style, the structure stands on a light gray granite base and is highlighted by its elegant marble trim. The two-story brick building is distinguished by a striking marble portico supported by four Ionic columns, serving as a focal architectural feature.

In 2007, the building was renamed in honor of Clarence L. Irving, adding a layer of historical significance to its already storied presence in the community. This renaming commemorates Irving's contributions and ties to the area. The US Post Office-Jamaica Main, which caters to the 11432 ZIP code, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988, affirming its architectural and historical importance. This designation helps preserve the building's legacy as a critical piece of Jamaica’s and New York City’s architectural heritage.

1934: On December 9, the New York Giants clinched their second NFL championship by defeating the Chicago Bears 30–13 at the Polo Grounds in New York City. This game, played under harsh conditions with temperatures around 9°F and an icy field, has since been famously dubbed "The Sneakers Game." The Giants were trailing 13–3 into the third quarter when they made a pivotal switch from standard football cleats to basketball shoes. This change was orchestrated by Giants' trainer Gus Mauch, who borrowed the sneakers from Manhattan College's basketball team to provide the players with better traction. The strategic footwear swap played a crucial role in the Giants' remarkable comeback, allowing them to score 27 points in the fourth quarter alone.

The championship was notably the first to involve the Ed Thorp Memorial Trophy, adding historical significance to the event. The Giants' innovative use of basketball sneakers not only turned the game in their favor but also left a lasting impact on NFL lore, illustrating the importance of adaptability and quick thinking in sports. After the victory, the borrowed sneakers were promptly returned to Manhattan College, ensuring that the basketball team could proceed with their practice schedule without interruption. This victory and the story of the sneakers have been etched into NFL history, celebrating the Giants' resourcefulness and determination under pressure.

1935: The Franklin D. Roosevelt Drive, initially named the East River Drive, was inaugurated in segments, as part of a comprehensive urban planning vision laid out by the Regional Planning Association in 1929. This route, which eventually extended from the Battery to 125th Street, was intended to facilitate smoother regional connectivity and offer picturesque views along the East River, aligning with broader goals to modernize the city’s infrastructure and enhance its aesthetic appeal.

The roadway's transition from a scenic parkway to a full-scale, limited-access highway marked a significant evolution in its function and impact on the cityscape. Despite its design to streamline traffic flow and reduce congestion in Manhattan, the FDR Drive has also contributed to environmental concerns such as noise and air pollution, affecting the adjacent communities. Over the years, this transformation reflected the city's shifting priorities from accessibility and beauty to transportation efficiency, highlighting the complexities of urban development and its lasting implications on community connectivity and environmental quality.

1935: The Manhattan Cruise Terminal, originally constructed, has been a pivotal part of New York City's maritime history, facilitating the transit of countless passengers across the Atlantic. Initially known as the New York Passenger Ship Terminal, it replaced the older Chelsea Piers to accommodate larger ocean liners of the era. This development was part of a broader movement during the early 20th century that saw significant investments in transportation infrastructure to support the burgeoning needs of modern travel and commerce.

To enhance the functionality and accessibility of the terminal, four mobile passenger boarding bridges were installed, designed by ADELTE. These state-of-the-art structures feature a fixed entrance tunnel from the terminal building to the rear gantry, along with two longitudinal tunnels running along the seaside. Each bridge is equipped with a telescopic boarding pod and an electromechanical drive system, allowing for smooth movement along the wharf. Compliant with ADA and NFPA regulations, the bridges ensure safe and efficient boarding processes for passengers, underpinning the terminal's commitment to maintaining high safety and accessibility standards.

1935: Queens General Hospital, now known as NYC Health + Hospitals/Queens, was inaugurated, marking the first municipal general hospital in Queens, New York. This establishment expanded its medical services by incorporating the adjacent Queensboro Hospital for Communicable Diseases shortly after opening. Over the years, it continued to grow, including the addition of the Triboro Hospital for Tuberculosis in 1941. The comprehensive campus that exists today was formed through a series of mergers and expansions culminating in 1959, integrating multiple facilities to serve the health needs of the central and southeastern Queens communities effectively.

Throughout its history, NYC Health + Hospitals/Queens has undergone significant developments to modernize its facilities and expand its service capacity. Notably, a major $149 million modernization project was completed in 2002, enhancing its infrastructure and medical capabilities. In 2006, the hospital opened The Pavilion, a critical development that centralized various health services that were previously dispersed across its 22-acre campus. This center continues to operate as a vital part of New York City’s public health care system, affiliated academically with the Mount Sinai School of Medicine, and offers residency and fellowship programs in multiple medical specialties.

1935: Frederick Douglass Memorial Park in Staten Island, New York, was established on a 53-acre site by undertaker Rodney Dade, business consultant Benjamin Diamond, and lawyer Frederick Bunn. Named after the prominent abolitionist Frederick Douglass, the park serves as a cemetery but does not contain Douglass's grave. It was designed to provide an inclusive burial option for African Americans who were often excluded from segregated cemeteries or faced high burial costs in New York. The cemetery became a notable resting place for many distinguished African Americans, including journalists, athletes, musicians, and political leaders.

The park saw significant developments over the years, including the installation of a bronze bas-relief cenotaph monument to Frederick Douglass near its entrance in 1961, marking the first monument in New York City honoring the civil rights leader. Despite initial provisions for perpetual care, by 2018, the cemetery faced challenges with maintenance, leading to deteriorated grave conditions and a reduction in its size to 17 acres. In 2024, the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission granted the park landmark status, recognizing its historical and cultural significance, and reinforcing efforts to preserve its legacy.

1935: The Boulevard Gardens Apartments, located in Woodside, Queens, opened its doors in June, providing housing for a significant number of residents during the Great Depression. Designed by architect Theodore H. Englehardt for the Cord Meyer Development Corporation, the complex includes a series of model tenements structured to house a total of 960 families. The design of the apartments drew inspiration from another complex Englehardt had previously designed in Forest Hills, emphasizing functional and affordable living spaces for residents.

Constructed with a federal loan of $3,450,000 from the Public Works Administration, Boulevard Gardens was part of a broader initiative to address housing needs through federally funded private developments. By September, all units were leased, reflecting the high demand for affordable housing. The development not only included residential units but also featured a block of fourteen retail stores, a 300-car garage, and a movie theater, all of which were fully operational by October. This blend of residential and commercial amenities was aimed at creating a self-sustaining community within the larger urban landscape of New York City.

1935: The SS Normandie, a French ocean liner, embarked on its maiden voyage from Le Havre to New York City on May 29, and arrived on June 3. This inaugural journey set a new record for the fastest transatlantic crossing, achieving the feat in just four days, three hours, and two minutes. This notable performance earned the Normandie the prestigious Blue Riband, marking the first time a French vessel had won this award. The ship's arrival in New York was celebrated with significant fanfare, including the presentation of Blue Riband medallions to passengers and the display of a 30-foot-long blue pennant, symbolizing its record-breaking speed.

Designed as the epitome of steamship engineering, the Normandie was renowned for its hydrodynamic hull and streamlined deck, which contributed to its record-breaking speed. The interior of the ship was equally impressive, showcasing exquisite design and luxury that captivated passengers with its elegant dining areas and high-quality French cuisine. The Normandie held the title of the world’s largest ship until 1940 and remains the most powerful steam turbo-electric passenger ship ever built. Unfortunately, its service was prematurely ended when it was laid up in New York in 1939 and never sailed again, its promising career cut short by the onset of World War II.

1935: On June 10, Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) was founded in Akron, Ohio by Bill Wilson, a stockbroker from New York City, and Dr. Bob Smith, a surgeon from Akron, during a meeting where they pledged to support each other's sobriety. This day marked Dr. Bob's last drink, officially noted as the founding date of AA. Their collaboration led to the creation of a program that would help countless individuals battle alcoholism, outlined in the "Big Book," which was published in 1939. This book not only detailed the 12-step program they developed but also included personal stories from Dr. Bob and other early AA members, cementing the framework for what would become a global movement.

AA's initial meeting between Bill Wilson and Dr. Bob Smith symbolized a pivotal moment in the history of addiction recovery. Their efforts were driven by the desire to form a supportive community for alcoholics, a radical idea at the time, which emphasized anonymity and mutual aid. By the time of Dr. Bob’s death in 1950, Alcoholics Anonymous had grown significantly, reflecting his legacy and the profound impact of the fellowship. AA's approach, focusing on spirituality and service, originated from these early discussions in Dr. Bob's home in Akron, which he shared with his wife, Anne Smith, who also played a crucial role in nurturing the early AA community.

1935: In July, Morris B. Sanders, an architect from Arkansas, started the redevelopment of a two-story house at 219 East 49th Street in New York City. The house, bought by Sanders's wife, Barbara Castleton Davis, was intended to be expanded into a four-story structure featuring two duplex units. The designs by Sanders introduced a modern facade of blue-brick and glass. Official plans for the building were filed with the New York City Department of Buildings on October 19, 1934, projecting a $20,000 cost. Construction began in March after the demolition of the existing structure, culminating in the completion of the new building in December of the same year.

The architectural significance of the building at 219 East 49th Street was later acknowledged by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission, which designated it as a landmark on November 18, 2008. After Sanders's death in 1948, the building continued to house various tenants and underwent several ownership changes, eventually being acquired by East 49th Street LLC. The landmark status of the building highlights its importance in New York City's architectural history and preserves its unique design for future generations.

1935: Arrow Electronics, Inc. was established as Arrow Radio in the electronics hub of "Radio Row" in lower Manhattan, founded by Maurice ("Murray") Goldberg. Originally, Arrow Radio started by selling used radios and parts. As the business evolved, it expanded its offerings in the 1940s to include new radios from well-known manufacturers like RCA, GE, and Philco, along with surplus radio parts. The company transitioned into Arrow Electronics, Inc. in 1946, marking its shift towards broader electronics distribution.

By the 1960s, Arrow Electronics had expanded its market reach beyond retail, entering the industrial sector with electronic components distribution. This expansion was marked by the opening of a sales office in Mineola, Long Island, in 1956, and culminating in an initial public offering in 1961, which generated $4 million in sales. Today, Arrow Electronics is a Fortune 500 company based in Centennial, Colorado, serving as a global provider of electronic components and enterprise computing solutions. It specializes in distribution and value-added services for various commercial customers, including original equipment manufacturers and value-added resellers.

1935: The Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences was officially established at New York University, following the arrival of Richard Courant from Germany. Courant, a distinguished mathematician, had left Göttingen University and came to NYU as a visiting professor with the mission to develop the university's mathematics department. He was pivotal in the founding of the institute, which was initially part of the NYU Graduate School of Arts and Science. The institute was first named the "Institute for Mathematics and Mechanics" in 1946, reflecting its broadened focus under Courant's leadership.

In its early years, the institute became known for its significant contributions to applied mathematics and computing. By 1952, it housed one of the first electronic computers provided by the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, marking the beginning of the Courant Mathematics and Computing Laboratory. This facility was at the forefront of computational technology, including early models like the IBM 7094 and the CDC 6600. The institute was later renamed in honor of Richard Courant, who served as a professor at NYU from 1936 until his retirement in 1972. Today, the Courant Institute is located next to the Stern School of Business on Gould Plaza and remains a leading center for research and higher education in mathematics and computer science.

1935: The American Goat Society (AGS), established in New York City, is a corporation dedicated to the preservation and improvement of purebred dairy goats. It was founded by a group of goat breeders and initially functioned as a nonprofit organization. The AGS played a pivotal role in merging with the International Milk Goat Record Association in 1936, an entity that had been in existence since 1925, thus extending some of its pedigrees back over eighty years.

AGS has been instrumental in promoting dairy goat breeding and the dissemination of information about goat milk and its by-products. The society also pioneered the organization of national goat shows and the training of goat show judges in the United States. Although it lost its nonprofit status in 2013 due to failure to file requisite financial forms with the IRS, the AGS continues to maintain a board of directors and operates out of Pipe Creek, Texas, under the management of the Kowalik family. The mission of AGS remains focused on enhancing the pedigree and production records of purebred dairy goats.

1935: The Fifth Avenue Coach Company played a significant role in the transformation of public transportation in Manhattan, marking a pivotal year in its history. During this time, the New York Railways Corporation, associated with the Fifth Avenue Coach Company, began converting its streetcar lines to bus operations. This transition was part of a broader movement in urban transportation, emphasizing the shift from rail-based transit to more flexible bus services. The replacement bus services started and continued into 1936, facilitated by the New York City Omnibus Corporation, which shared management with The Omnibus Corporation that had taken control of Fifth Avenue Coach in 1925.

This shift not only represented a change in the mode of transportation but also reflected the evolving needs and preferences of the city's residents. Buses offered more adaptable routes than the fixed tracks of streetcars, responding to the growing demand for extensive and accessible public transit systems across more diverse urban paths. The move towards buses was also influenced by the increased traffic and the physical constraints of laying down new tram lines in congested urban centers like Manhattan. By embracing buses, Fifth Avenue Coach Company and its affiliated entities were at the forefront of modernizing public transit, setting a standard that would shape the future of urban transportation in New York City.

1935: The First Houses, located at 29-41 Avenue A and 112-138 East 3rd Street in the East Village of Manhattan, New York City, were inaugurated on December 3. This project marked a significant milestone in urban development as it was one of the first public housing projects in the United States. It was constructed under the auspices of the newly established New York City Housing Authority, which aimed to replace outdated Victorian-era tenements with more livable accommodations. The project was completed in 1936 and represented an innovative approach to urban housing, focusing on improving living conditions for its residents.

Designated as both a New York City Landmark and a National Historic Landmark in 1974, First Houses was architecturally planned to offer better light and air through gut rehabilitation of existing structures. However, due to the fragility of the 19th-century tenements, they were ultimately demolished, and the project was built from scratch. Architect Frederick L. Ackerman designed the new buildings with features like rear entrances and courtyards, enhancing the quality of life for tenants. The development reused materials such as bricks and incorporated public relief workers into its construction workforce, demonstrating an early example of sustainable building practices and social responsibility in urban housing projects.

1935: The Frick Art Reference Library moved to its current location at 10 East 71st Street in New York City. Designed by the renowned architect John Russell Pope, this building opened its doors to the public on January 14. Since then, it has continued to serve as the main hub for the library, hosting an extensive collection of art history books, periodicals, photographs, and archival materials.

The building was commissioned by Helen Clay Frick, daughter of industrialist Henry Clay Frick, as part of her ongoing commitment to enhancing access to art research and education. Its establishment at this new location marked a significant expansion in the library's capacity to serve scholars, students, and the public. The facility has remained a vital resource for the study of art, offering vast collections and specialized research services to facilitate the study and appreciation of fine arts across the community.

1935: Henry Clay Frick, a notable American industrialist, established a significant art collection, starting with his first major acquisition in 1880 after moving to Pittsburgh. By the mid-1890s, Frick became deeply involved in art collection, marking a shift to a more serious engagement with art that would define much of his later life. His collection rapidly expanded, benefitting from the advice of Joseph Duveen, 1st Baron Duveen. This collection eventually filled his New York residence—a custom-built mansion at 1 East 70th Street designed by Thomas Hastings and completed in 1914. The design was meticulously planned to accommodate his vast collection, ensuring that each piece was displayed to its best advantage.

Following Frick's death, his daughter, Helen Clay Frick, and the board of trustees continued to expand the collection. The collection's scope grew to include a broader array of pieces, maintaining the founder’s legacy while adapting to new artistic trends. By 2006, approximately 30 percent of the collection had been acquired posthumously. The Frick Collection, housed in his former residence, opened to the public displaying a rich array of artworks, including paintings, porcelains, and sculptures, maintaining strict guidelines against deaccessioning and focusing on preserving the integrity of Frick's original collection.

1935: The Museum of Modern Art in New York City established its Department of Film, pioneering the institutional recognition and preservation of film as an art form. This department is dedicated to collecting, preserving, and showcasing international cinema, with a focus on both the artistry and historical significance of the medium. The collection now boasts over 22,000 films and 4 million film stills, making it one of the most comprehensive in the world.

Public screenings of films from the collection are a staple activity of the department, held at MoMA’s 53rd Street building. For research and educational purposes, the Celeste Bartos International Film Study Center provides facilities where scholars can view films. The center also maintains extensive scholarly resources on film. Film preservation is conducted at the Celeste Bartos Film Preservation Center located in Hamlin, Pennsylvania, ensuring that these cinematic works remain available for future generations.

1935: Jack Dempsey's Restaurant, established by the world heavyweight boxing champion, was located at Eighth Avenue and 50th Street, across from the third Madison Square Garden in Manhattan, New York City. Known for its famous proprietor's personal engagement with guests and its renowned cheesecake, the restaurant became a cultural icon, frequented by celebrities and featured in various media. It appeared in films like "Requiem for a Heavyweight" (1962) where Dempsey cameoed, and "The Godfather" (1972), enhancing its legendary status in popular culture. The establishment is also mentioned in E. L. Doctorow’s novel "Billy Bathgate" (1989) and in the television series "Blue Bloods."

Beyond its film appearances, Jack Dempsey's also featured in literary works and other films, demonstrating its impact on American pop culture. It served as a backdrop in Hubert Selby, Jr.'s story "Hi Champ" from "Song of the Silent Snow" (1986), and in the opening scenes of "A Bronx Tale" (1993). Even in television, it was depicted in "The Odd Couple" and in the iconic "Batman" series from 1966, illustrating its pervasive influence. The restaurant remained a beloved New York institution until its closure in 1974, leaving behind a legacy tied intricately with the city's dining and cultural history.

1935: The Lycée Français de New York (LFNY) was established in October, initiated by Comte Charles de Ferry de Fontnouvelle, the French consul general in New York at that time. The founding team included notable figures such as Forsythe Wicks, president of the Alliance Française, and Paul Windels Sr., the attorney general of New York City. Nicholas Murray Butler, president of Columbia University, Jesse Straus, U.S. ambassador to France, and Jean Marx, director of cultural affairs at the Quai d'Orsay, also contributed. The school held its first baccalaureate ceremony in 1938 and has since educated over 36,000 students representing more than 150 nationalities.

Charles de Ferry de Fontnouvelle served as the school's first president from its inception until his death in 1956. Following his tenure, Jean de Siéyès and Robert Lacour-Gayet acted as interim presidents before Maurice Galy took over in 1957. Galy remained in this role until his retirement in 1989. The Lycée Français de New York, accredited by both the New York State Association of Independent Schools and the French Ministry of Education, operates independently without funding from the French government.

1935: Mademoiselle magazine, launched first issued by Street & Smith, was later acquired by Condé Nast Publications. Known as a significant platform in the fashion magazine landscape, it also gained repute for publishing works by notable authors like Truman Capote, Joyce Carol Oates, and Sylvia Plath among others. In 1952, Plath won first prize in a short story competition held by the magazine, which helped pave the way for her novel "The Bell Jar".

The magazine was particularly influential during the 1960s and maintained its relevance up through the late 1990s by featuring prominent models and fashion trends. It ceased publication with its final issue in November 2001, transitioning some of its staff and features to "Glamour", another Condé Nast title. The closure of "Mademoiselle" was attributed to failing to modernize its appeal to newer audiences and a general decline in magazine advertising revenues.

1935: Established by the Metropolitan Opera's then-director Edward Johnson, the Metropolitan Opera Auditions of the Air was a notable talent search broadcast live on NBC Radio. This innovative competition aimed to discover and promote new opera talent, featuring a series of broadcasts over several weeks due to the high number of contestants. The broadcasts quickly gained prominence, showcasing emerging talents directly to a nationwide audience.

Recognizing the potential to nationalize the talent search, the Met evolved the competition into the Metropolitan Opera National Council Auditions in 1954. This expansion was designed to reach talented young opera singers from across the United States, not just those in New York City. The initiative aimed to democratize the opportunity for singers to join the prestigious ranks of the Met, with the competition serving as a crucial stepping stone for many artists. The original Auditions of the Air concluded in 1958, but the National Council Auditions continue to be a significant part of America's operatic culture.

1935: Holiday House, Inc. was established as a children's literature publishing house based in New York City. Known for its distinctive logo featuring a little boy from E. H. Shepard’s illustrations for the original edition of "The Reluctant Dragon" by Kenneth Grahame, Holiday House has a longstanding tradition in the children's book industry. It is also a member of the Children's Book Council, emphasizing its commitment to quality children’s publishing.

Over the years, Holiday House has published works by notable authors such as Yuyi Morales, Polly Horvath, Gail Gibbons, and David A. Adler, adding to its reputation for quality and diversity in children's literature. The publisher releases approximately 120 titles annually, including translations from various languages. Its contributions to children's literature have been recognized with numerous awards, including prestigious ones like the Caldecott Medal and the Newbery. In 2016, Holiday House was acquired by Trustbridge Partners, becoming a part of Trustbridge Global Media, signaling a new chapter in its history while continuing its mission to inspire young readers.

1935: The International Building, located at 630 Fifth Avenue and 45 Rockefeller Plaza in New York City, was completed on May 1. This Art Deco skyscraper, part of the Rockefeller Center complex, stands 512 feet (156 meters) tall with 41 stories. Designed by Raymond Hood, the center's lead architect, the building features a main tower set back from Fifth Avenue, surrounded by two six-story wings known as Palazzo d'Italia and International Building North. These wings frame an entrance plaza adorned with the notable Atlas statue by Lee Lawrie.

The International Building's construction began with a groundbreaking in July 1933, and the superstructure was completed within 136 days from September 1934. Over the decades, the building has undergone several modifications, including changes to the Palazzo d'Italia during the 1940s following the outbreak of World War II. It has housed a variety of tenants, including multiple foreign consulates, reflecting its international theme. The entire Rockefeller Center, including the International Building, has been designated as a New York City landmark and a National Historic Landmark.

1935: Morgan Stanley, a major global financial services provider, was founded on September 16, by Henry S. Morgan and Harold Stanley along with others from Drexel partners. This was after the Glass-Steagall Act mandated the separation of commercial and investment banking, leading to a division from J.P. Morgan & Co. The firm was established at 2 Wall Street, New York City. In its early years, Morgan Stanley quickly rose to prominence by leading the distribution of a $100 million debenture for the United States Steel Corporation in 1938, marking one of its first major financial activities.

By 1939, Morgan Stanley had also gained significant recognition in railroad finance, which set a solid foundation for its growing reputation in the financial industry. The firm underwent a reorganization in 1941 to expand its securities business, allowing it to increase its market activities and financial influence significantly. Over the years, Morgan Stanley has been involved in numerous substantial financial transactions, including landmark public offerings and strategic expansions that contributed to its status as a powerhouse in global finance.

1935: Lieutenant Joseph Petrosino Park, originally named Satellite Park, is located in Bensonhurst, Brooklyn. The park was purchased by the City of New York in 1929 and opened to the public on May 24. Initially, the park included amenities such as handball courts, slides, swings, a wading pool, jungle gym, and a recreation building. A basketball court was later added, enhancing the park's facilities.

In 1993, the park underwent significant renovations with an investment of $700,000, which updated the handball and basketball courts and the children's playground. These renovations also introduced new benches, fencing, lights, and improved landscaping and drainage. Further renovations occurred in 2019 under New York City's Community Parks Initiative, with a budget of $4.99 million funded partly by the NYC Department of Environmental Protection. This latest renovation introduced new play areas, adult fitness equipment, and additional green spaces, alongside environmental upgrades like rain gardens and permeable pavement to mitigate stormwater runoff.